| Content | 6 |
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| Acknowledgements | 10 |
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| Introduction | 13 |
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| Intermediary Rule and International Intervention | 15 |
| Armed Groups and Liberal Statebuilding | 18 |
| Conflict and Intervention in a Local Space: The Case of Ituri | 22 |
| An Approach of Figurational Sociology | 26 |
| I. Refiguration: International Politics and Societies-at-War | 36 |
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| Discourse and Practice of Intervention | 37 |
| Democracy without Demos | 41 |
| The Legitimacy of Violence | 47 |
| The International Community and its Other | 49 |
| II. Intervention and Invention: The Establishment of Indirect Rule | 52 |
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| Only Cattle, Clans and Clients? Ituri’s Pre-colonial Past | 55 |
| The Creation of Intermediaries: Colonial Rule | 66 |
| De-Structured Domination: In the Post-colony | 81 |
| Ituri’s Trajectory in the 20th Century | 101 |
| III. New Chiefs in the Far West? Armed Groups in Ituri’s Civil War | 104 |
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| Armed Groups as Figurations | 106 |
| Ituri’s Armed Groups in the Congo Wars | 109 |
| Unwieldy Intermediaries: The UPDF and its Partners | 119 |
| The New Chiefs? Armed Groups’ Leadership | 124 |
| Pressures and Choices: Armed Groups’ Membership | 135 |
| The Power of Armed Groups | 142 |
| IV. Figuration of Uncertainty: International Challenge to Local Militias | 145 |
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| Intervention Effect: A New Gaze on National Politics | 148 |
| Basic Legitimacy by Force: Operation Artemis | 150 |
| The New Hegemon? Monuc in Ituri | 154 |
| No Gun, No Voice: Ex-Combatants as Civil Society Organization | 162 |
| Matryoshka Rebels: Playing Hide and Seek with Monuc | 168 |
| The Perils of Uncertainty | 181 |
| V. The Uneasy Community: International Agencies on the Ground | 186 |
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| “Monuc Has No Intelligence” | 192 |
| Ituri’s International Community | 198 |
| Jumble in the Jungle | 202 |
| A Society of Organizations | 206 |
| VI. Statebuilding and Intermediary Rule | 208 |
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| Local Institutions and International Intervention | 209 |
| The “Unhappy Marriage”: Monuc and FARDC | 219 |
| Indirect Rule and 21st Century Statebuilding | 235 |
| VII. Conclusion: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly? Intervention, Rebels, and Rulers | 238 |
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| Continuity and Modifications of Indirect Rule in Ituri | 239 |
| Exception and Rule: Comparing Ituri | 248 |
| Colonialism Re-invented? | 252 |
| Appendix | 256 |
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| Maps | 258 |
| Abbreviations | 262 |
| Interviews | 265 |
| Bibliography | 268 |
| Index | 289 |
