: Walter Friberg
: Movements and Orthopedic Tests: quick, easy, and reliable
: BookBaby
: 9781098338206
: 1
: CHF 10.40
:
: Allgemeines
: English
: 100
: DRM
: PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
: ePUB
This quick reference guide designed for medical students, physical therapists, physical therapy assistants, residents, chiropractic physicians, physicians and physician assistants, and the independent medical examiners specialized in Family practice, Neurology, Internal Medicine, PM&R, Orthopedic Surgery, and other specialist in Musculoskeletal Medicine and Legal Medicine, as well as Attorneys. traditionally muscle and orthopedic tests described ether in different chapters or (most common) in different textbooks. The book provides practitioners with is a quick, reliable, equipment-free way to test together natural (muscle testing) and special (orthopedic tests) movements. Usually in the medical textbooks all tests listed in the alphabetic order. In this book tests described in a logical order rather than in an alphabetical order. For example, all tests for the cervical radiculopathy and cervical nerve root compression are grouped together. The optimal combination of the tests based on literature data provided. Surprisingly different textbooks described even 'classical' tests in completely different ways and sometimes under different names. Readers have the clear, non-confusing, and commonly used descriptions of the tests. . In some cases, if it seems appropriate the author's description of the tests used.

CERVICAL and THORACIC SPINETESTS

Tests for topical diagnosis of the cervical and thoracicspine

Movementstesting

The movement tests design to evaluate the involvement in the pathological process particular muscles, nerves and nerve roots. The examiner should not only to conduct the tests but also observe how the patient executes the particular movements. These tests can help localize a lesion to the particular cortical or white matter region, spinal cord level, nerve root, peripheral nerve, or muscle. Movement tests quantify by using muscle strength (MS). All tests and movements testing in particular depend on the patient’s cooperation and sufficient efforts. If the patient consciously or unconsciously unable to cooperate, the examiner should document “insufficient efforts” and try to observe and appreciate MS indirectly. For example, observe the patient’s ability to put on/ takes off clothes, lace shoes, fasten buttons and zips and write/ type on a computer during fill out the office papers. The examiner may quickly test of the upper extremity movements analyzing muscle strength of the certain muscles. Testing of the strength of each muscle group should be performed in a consistent uniform order. The examiner should test symmetrical muscles started with the dominant extremity. MS is rated on a scale of 0/5 to 5/5:

  • 0/5: no contraction.
  • 1/5: muscle flicker, but no movements.
  • 2/5: movement possible, but not against gravity (test the joint in its horizontal plane).
  • 3/5: movement possible against gravity, but not against resistance by the examiner.
  • 4/5: movement possible against some resistance by the examiner. This is the most common category. This category is divided into three subcategories: 4–/5, 4/5, and 4+/5. However, this is a very subjective.
  • 5/5: normal strength.

Quick topical diagnosis of the cervicothoracic spinal segments andmuscles

Movements

Cervicothoracic
segments

Majormuscles

ElbowFlexion

C5

Biceps,Brachialis

WristExtension

C6

Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus andBrevis

ElbowExtension

C7

Triceps

Middle FingerFlexion

C8

Flexor Digitorum Profundus to the middlefinger

Small FingerAbduction

T1

Flexor DigitorumProfundus

Movement tests of upperextremities

Action

Muscles

Nerves

Cervicothoracic
segments

FingerExtension

Extensor Digitorum, Extensor Indicis, Extensor DigitiMinimi

Radial nerve (posterior interosseousnerve)

C7,C8

Thumb ABDuction* in plane ofpalm

Abductor PollicisLongus

Radial nerve (posterior interosseousnerve)

C7,C8

FingerABDuction*

Dorsal Interossei, Abductor DigitiMinimi

Ulnarnerve

C8, T1

Finger and thumb ADDuction* in plane ofpalm

Adductor Pollicis, PalmarInterossei

Ulnarnerve

C8, T1

ThumbOpposition

OpponensPollicis

Mediannerve

C8, T1

Thumb ABDuction* perpendicular to plane ofpalm

Abductor PollicisBrevis

Mediannerve

C8, T1

Flexion at distal interphalangeal joints digits 2,3

Flexor Digitorum Profundus to digits 2,3

Mediannerve

C7, C8

Flexion at distal interphalangeal joints digits 4,5

Flexor Digitorum Profundus to digits 4,5

Ulnarnerve

C7, C8

Wrist Flexion and handABDuction*

Flexor CarpiRadialis

Mediannerve

C6,C7

Wrist Flexion and handADDuction*

Flexor CarpiUlnaris

Ulnarnerve

C7, C8,T1

Wrist Extension and handABDuction*

Extensor CarpiRadialis

Radialnerve

C5, C6

Elbow Flexion (with forearmsupinated)

Biceps,Brachialis

Musculocutaneous

nerve

C5,C6

ElbowExtension

Triceps

Radialnerve

C6, C7,C8

Arm ABDuction* atshoulder

Supraspinatus initiates abduction of the arm from 0 to 15°. Beyond 15° the Deltoid becomes more effective at abducting the arm and becomes the main propagator of theABDuction

Axillarynerve

C5,C6

*I capitalized first three letters in words Abduction and Adduction to distinguish the oppositemovements.

BakodySign

Indications: suggestive for the cervical radiculopathy at the levels of C4-C6. Test is indicative for the nerve root irritation due to cervical foraminalcompression.

Patient’s position: sittingupright.

Technique: Either the patient actively, or the examiner passively, place the patient’s hand on top of his/herhead.

Interpretation: the test is positive if the patient reports decrease pain.

Clinical Notes: Reverse Bakody Sign can be noted when the patient resists raising the arm and hand toward the head. This finding should be correlated with other orthopedic testing, as it could indicate facet irritation, glenohumeral dysfunction, rotator-cuff trauma or myofascialspasm.

Doorbell Sign (Anterior Cervical Doorbell Push...