| Contents | 5 |
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| List of Tables | 8 |
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| 1 Introduction | 9 |
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| 2 Risks and Control of Insurance Undertakings | 14 |
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| 1 Introduction | 14 |
| 2 Distinctive Features and Risks of Insurance Undertakings | 15 |
| 3 The Role of Internal Control | 18 |
| 4 The Role of External Supervision and Regulation | 22 |
| 4.1 Evolutionary Profiles of the Solvency Regime in the European Context | 24 |
| 4.2 Genesis and Purposes of the Solvency II Regulation in Europe | 26 |
| 4.3 Evolutionary Traits of the Solvency Regime in the USA | 30 |
| 5 Conclusions | 33 |
| References | 34 |
| 3 An Integrated Approach to Risk Governance in the Insurance Industry | 37 |
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| 1 Introduction | 37 |
| 2 An Integrated Approach to Insurance Risks Management | 39 |
| 2.1 The Technical-Actuarial Risk Management | 42 |
| 2.2 The Market Risk Management | 47 |
| 2.3 The Liquidity Risk Management | 51 |
| 2.4 The Credit Risk Management | 55 |
| 2.5 The Operational Risk Management | 56 |
| 2.6 The Legal and Compliance Risk Management | 58 |
| 3 Conclusions | 60 |
| References | 60 |
| 4 Risk Governance in the Second Pillar of Solvency II Framework | 65 |
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| 1 Introduction | 65 |
| 2 Main Provisions on Corporate Governance of Insurance Undertakings | 67 |
| 3 The Four Key Functions in the System of Risk Governance | 69 |
| 3.1 The Risk Management Function | 70 |
| 3.1.1 The Own Risk and Solvency Assessment Process | 72 |
| 3.2 The Compliance Function | 76 |
| 3.3 The Actuarial Function | 77 |
| 3.4 The Internal Audit Function | 79 |
| 4 Conclusions | 81 |
| References | 82 |
| 5 The Evolving Risk Landscape: Impact on Internal Control and External Regulation | 85 |
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| 1 Introduction | 85 |
| 2 Trends in the Insurance and Financial Sector: New Competitive Landscape | 86 |
| 3 Digital Transformation of the Insurance Value Chain | 91 |
| 4 New Control and Regulatory Issues in Light of Emerging Risks | 94 |
| 4.1 Towards a Review of the Existing Regulatory Solvency II Regime | 98 |
| 5 Conclusions | 102 |
| References | 103 |
| 6 An Assessment Model of the Internal Controls System | 108 |
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| 1 Introduction | 108 |
| 2 The Internal Audit Assessment of the Internal Controls System | 109 |
| 3 The Assessment of Entity-Level Residual Risk | 110 |
| 4 The Assessment of Process-Level Residual Risk | 111 |
| 5 Conclusions | 118 |
| Appendix | 118 |
| References | 126 |
| Index | 127 |