: Dibyendu Chakraborty
: Origin of Hindu Second Part Arya Never Was Aryan ??????'? ??????? ( ??????? ???? ) ???? ?????
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It has been observed in the previous book titled 'Origin of Hindu ? The Name' that the dictum of going, moving forward became the central tenet of a huge number of human beings who essentially were the residents of India. Those people were termed as Hindu.   Even when the root of that concept is logically proven, then also a question crops up and remains unanswered. Why did the act of going, moving forward become so important that a large number of people needed to accept it as the guiding principle of their lives? No tangible evidence has been found of any coercive actions on the part of the propagators of that way of life, not even in the folklores or in the legends. The adherence in all probability was voluntary and self-imposed.   For that happening, two broad categories of influences may be credited to: physical and/or cerebral.   The physical environment of the land in reference was set by the actions and interactions of the geological forces.   Cerebral input must have come from some knowledge base. Structured and recorded knowledge base that is unique to India is found in the Vedas and its annotations.   The period, during which the geological timeline shows that that land was becoming ready for human inhabitation, was the time around which the trace of the oldest literature of that land may be found. A little later, the world came to know about the existence of a human settlement in that land, which was more splendorous than anything known to the Greeks, who were the most advanced ones in the known world up to that time.   This book finds the relationship between the geological formation of the Ganga Plain and the propagation of a new way of life that would be known as 'Hindu' religion in later time.   It has been established that the word 'Arya' is a Sanskrit word that means 'the son of the Rishi' and no large human movement that may be termed as invasion, migration etc. needed to be introduced to explain what have happened in that land duri

Chapter Four – Trace of human history on the Ganga Plain


For this purpose, in this context, the mainstream history has been taken into consideration. Even the officially circulated historical accounts, mainly timeline and geographical settings, cannot influence this work substantially. 

 

 

Prehistoric accounts of India

 

The Vedic Age is not that much a pinpointed era. This period can only be ideated through inferences. As Megasthenes wrote Indica thus, the concept of Hindu was prevalent then. Without the presence of the word ‘Hindu’, Indica cannot be derived. The concept of Hindu is post-Vedic. Thus, the Vedic period must predate Megasthenes’s stay in India. The term ‘Indica’ has a close relationship with the Sanskrit word Hind (हिँड़.) which may be differently pronounced as ‘Yinr̃d’ (book titled “Origin of Hindu √ The Name”) and thought to be derived from the base Sanskrit word ‘ हिँड़.’. The Sanskrit word ‘ चर् ’ (Chaur) used in the Rigveda in the form of ‘ चरैबेति ’ (Chaureibeti ) is at the root of the concept of ‘ हिँड़.’.

 

The Vedas were not in written format until a much later stage of history and thus may be included in the list of old texts of India. Actually, they are acknowledged to be the oldest known literature of India. The same is applicable to the two epics of India, the Ramayan and the Mahabharat. In page number 41 of the book titled ‘History and Culture of Indian People - Volume 1’ it has been mentioned that the oldest part of the Vedas, i.e., the Samhita, is at least 3000 years old and may even be considerably older.

 

 

Earliest traceable kingdoms of India

 

The total area of the Ganga Plain (not basin) is said to be around 7.8 lakh (or 0.78 million) square kilometer. Area of the Ganga Basin is estimated at 10.8 Lakh (1.08 million) square kilometer. The Ganga Plain is spread from Rajasthan in the west to West Bengal in the east. Beyond West Bengal, in the east, there is the joint influence of the Ganga and the Brahmaputra, but that area is also considered a part of the Ganga Plain.

 

The earliest known traceable kingdoms of India were the Mahajanapadas of ancient India which have found references in the Vedic texts (of later phase). Mahajanapadas existed from present-day Afghanistan (Kamboja and parts of Gandhara) in the west to West Bengal in present-day India. The Janapadas that existed in the present geographical boundary of Bengal at that time included Anga and parts of Vrijji or Vajji. Prominent cities said to have existed and got mentioning in the texts of that period included Hastinapur, Indraprastha, Varanasi, Pataliputra and Rajagriha (Rajgir).

 

It is known that during the life time of Lord Gautam Buddha, sixteen great powers (Mahajanpadas) existed in the 7th and early 6th centuries BC, i.e., 2600-2500 years BP. Among the more important kingdoms were the Sakyas of Kapilavastu and the Licchavis of Vaishali. The Government of India provides this information through the website https://knowindia.gov.in/culture-and-heritage/ancient-history.php.

 

After the Mahajanapadas Magadha was the seat of the earliest empire known in India that has found reference in the Vedic texts and came into focus at around 2700 BP. From this point forward, three dynasties ruled in Magadha. Its fortune turned around 2350 BP when Chandragupta Maurya defeated the Nanda king Dhana Nanda (the famous Chanakya episode). The physical seat of power remained the same, but the name of the empire became known as the Maurya Kingdom. 

 

Emperor Ashok the Great belonged to the Maurya dynasty. During his time, the Maurya Dynasty reached its political pinnacle. The