WE HAVE TO GET OUT OF HERE …
Few phrases summarise the attitude to life of young people in Germany in the 1960s and 1970s better than this one: “We have to get out of here!” Out of a Germany that demanded one thing above all else from young people: to keep their mouths shut and adapt smoothly to the discipline of school and work (and, for young men, military service, which was reintroduced in West Germany in 1955). And this within a country in which the last traces of the consequences of that sort of discipline had only just been cleared away, and the leading personnel in business, politics, administration, the judiciary, and the military were largely identical to those before 1945. Even the minor authorities, the teachers, instructors, and heads of families, were largely moulded by the same ideology, which demanded submission and conformity from young people. This applied to both West and East Germany. As a young person, you only had one wish: to get out.
For young people in the West, there were several ways to escape the disciplinary grip on body and mind. You could drop out completely and wander around Europe as a drifter with a sleeping bag and a few books, heading north in the summer, where the air and love were freer, and chasing the sun in the winter, heading south. You could study philosophy for 40 semesters and avoid any economic exploitation. You could move to a rural commune, although you could only rarely live off the land. In most cases, you had to make a living from what you earned in the city or what your parents sent you. Or you could escape to drug paradises. Either with the help of the latest products from the Sandoz chemical laboratories into the vastness of the cosmos – not only because of the general enthusiasm for space travel. The future was still terra incognita, free of all identitarian attributions and prefabricated lifestyles. Another way out was to leave German normality behind with the medicine chest of a romanticised Orient. However, this harboured the risk of not only unintentionally connecting with obscure gurus, but also with a romantic anti-modernism, which was not entirely free of the misery from which one wanted to escape. Those who were serious about it made their way to the promised land of India and Afghanistan. As a rule, however, the hard labour in the poppy fields was left to the locals.
The years 1967/68 were something of a watershed in terms of drug use, as with many other things. Previously, stimulants had been the drug of choice for young members of the working class and lower middle class, for whom social advancement in the golden age of Rhineland capitalism seemed to be guaranteed. You could dance the entire weekend away on this stuff, and celebrate your own small part in the economic miracle. With the rapid politicisation of youth, the question of the drug of choice also became a political issue. Alcohol and amphetamines were regarded either as narcotics or performance-enhancing drugs, and were accordingly viewed critically. On the other hand, so-called mind-expanding drugs were seen as a way of overcoming capitalist normality, with its cycle of production, wage labour and consumption. At the beginning of the 1970s, when it became clear that the resistance was greater and the leaden years of the hunt for terrorists cast their shadows ahead, the use of narcotic drugs increased. The back-to-back deaths of Janis Joplin, Jimi Hendrix and Jim Morrison could have been more than a coincidence, or they were perhaps a symptom of this shift in climate. There was also a fair amount of recklessness involved. “Once you tell a lie, you’re never believed.” The authorities had told so many frightful stories about all the horrors that would follow that first joint, but which never materialised, so even justified warnings were thrown to the wind.
Another sign of the fatigue that followed the optimistic decade of the 1960s, was the shift from the anti-authoritarian movement to the formation of left-wing parties that followed the old model of the Leninist cadre party. While heroin was a problem for young people wh