PART I – THEORY
CHAPTER1
THE LOCOMOTOR APPARATUS
1.1PRESENTATION
Every time we think about a sporting activity, we associate it with the concept ofmotion.
This process is so widespread and natural that we don‘t think about its underlying reasonwhy. During courses, students who are interested in and passionate about training sometimes ask me why it is necessary to know stuff that has no apparent connection with a horizontal bench or a squat.
The answer is that gymnastics, in its broadest sense, is an empirical science; it stands apart from scientific bases which interact constantly with sporting exercise in gyms or outdoors. For this reason, you will often find not only various definitions, but also examples which refer back to practice.
The locomotor apparatus is the structure that allows a person to move in relation to space and the outside world. For practical purposes, it is subdivided into an active part and a passive part. The active part is made up of muscles, tendons, and ligaments. The inactive part is composed of bones and joints. Each is briefly discussed in the following sections.
1.1.1The active part of the locomotor apparatus: Muscles, tendons, and ligaments
MUSCLES
The termmuscle, from the Latinmusculus (frommus, rat, because some movements are reminiscent of a rat darting about), indicates an organ made of biological tissue with the ability to contract.
The muscles are subdivided into:
■Smooth, or involuntary, muscles
Commanded by the autonomic nervous system, they encase the walls of several organs and corporeal systems, enabling or improving their functionality with their contraction.
■Striated skeletal, or voluntary, muscles
Commanded by the central nervous system, they encase the skeleton, and, by their contraction (shortening), they determine the bone levers’ movement.
A peculiar type of striated muscle is the myocardium, which is commanded by the autonomic nervous system.
TENDONS
Tendons are bands of connective tissue with poor elasticity, and their function is to anchor the muscles to the bones. Their role is to transmit tension from muscles to the bone levers, thus allowing their movement.
LIGAMENTS
Ligaments are sheaves of connective tissue with varying percentages of collagen fibers that link bones at the joints. The ligaments‘ purpose is to limit articular movement which would risk creating lesions were it to continue. For example, the knee‘s collateral medial and lateral ligaments support the ant