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Comparative Philosophy
Problems and Approaches
Comparative philosophy, which is to be systematically demarcated from comparative studies of culture, language, politics and other human discourses in content and methodology, is regarded as the philosophy of philosophies (Raju 1970: Preface). Its method is comparison; material, philosophical thought; and outcome, a global discourse of philosophical thought cutting across creeds and nations. TheInternet Encyclopedia of Philosophy describes comparative philosophy as “a subfield of philosophy in which philosophers work on problems by intentionally setting into dialogue various sources from across cultural, linguistic, and philosophical streams”. Accordingly, “the ambition and challenge of comparative philosophy are to include all the philosophies of global humanity in its vision of what is constituted by philosophy”. The term cross-cultural philosophy, used as its synonym, gives us an idea of its range and extent. It has the ambitious agenda of being an inclusive discourse comprising and subsuming all philosophical thought of the globe. Yet, however laudable are the aims and objectives of it, there has been some introspection about its achievements and reception from many quarters in the last decades. In 1992, B.K. Matilal confessed that comparative philosophy has had a bad reputation, and the reason for this may be the failure and lack of depth of early comparativists. Comparative philosophy is often spoken of in an apologetic tone by the protagonists and accepted at best with a patronizing manner by the mainstream philosophers who are not simply interested in cross-cultural dialogues. For that matter, even comparative literature which has made global inroads has been charged as lacking in methodology. But before laying blame squarely on the incompetence of the protagonists of comparative philosophy, I would like to point out that the situation is far more complex and that there are very many reasons for the retarded state of comparative studies in philosophy though I would also like to add that things are changing for the better more than two decades after Matilal had made his critical remark. One of the reasons for the alleged failure on the part of earlier comparativists to take off in a big way is the deep-rooted prejudices regarding alien philosophies held by otherwise eminent philosophers who were either unwilling or incapable of looking at other thought systems with an open mind. It will be important to review early attempts to find out the assumptions, methodology, reception and limitations of earlier attempts to have a proper historical and critical perspective.
Earlier attempts in comparative philosophy had lofty aims like producing unity of meaning and purpose of life with reference to