Introduction
Plato wrote his Atlantis story in two documents called theTimaeus andCritias. These writings date from about 360 BCE and are the only known works that give a detailed description of the Atlantean civilisation.
Anyone interested in Ancient History probably wonders what people like us created many thousands of years before any written records - in what we call “prehistory”. Plato’s Atlantis story provides graphic details of an advanced but long-lost civilisation that rose and fell in the very distant past. The thousands of books and articles written about Atlantis attempt to describe it and locations for it although none satisfy all of Plato’s detailed account. Nevertheless, this book gives rational explanations for every one of the many features contained in Plato’sTimaeus andCritias.
Plato based his Atlantis story on the writings of the Athenian statesman Solon. Solon was a well-known historical figure in Athens in the 6th century BCE, almost two centuries before Plato lived, wrote, and taught philosophy in Athens. In the early 6th century BCE, Solon travelled to the city of Sais in the Nile Delta in Egypt. While there, he met with Egyptian temple priests who possessed ancient historical records concerning Atlantis. The Egyptian priests showed Solon those records and recounted the story of Atlantis. They told Solon about events that had occurred nine thousand years before his time, which is over eleven thousand years ago. In the early 4th century BCE, Plato accessed a document written by Solon about what he had seen and heard in Egypt concerning the Atlantis story. Plato then used the details in Solon’s document to write about Atlantis in theTimaeus andCritias.
In theTimaeus andCritias, Plato describes the Atlanteans as an aggressive imperial military power that originated on what he calls the“Atlantic island”, located outside the Mediterranean in the Atlantic Ocean. According to Plato, the Atlanteans conquered and enslaved Western Mediterranean cultures and then attempted to expand their empire by conquering the remaining free cultures in the Eastern Mediterranean. The Atlanteans were defeated in a war against the free Mediterranean people and eventually were driven entirely from the Mediterranean region. Sometime after the war in the Mediterranean, the Atlanteans’ homeland on the Atlantic Island sank into the sea during devastating earthquakes and floods. Plato also describes a prehistoric society in Athens that fought against the Atlanteans but was also destroyed by natural disasters.
Though there are several English translations of Plato’s original works on Atlantis, only two are used here - Thomas Taylor, who published theTimaeus in 1793 andCritias in 1804; and Benjamin Jowett, who published both translations in 1871. These two translators had opposing views on whether Plato’s account of Atlantis was truth or fiction. Taylor believed that someone who valued truth as much as Plato would not have invented the story; whereas Jowett was sure it was fiction. Regardless of their opposing beliefs, they each translated Plato’s original Ancient Greek text into English. Both translations have a similar substance, but Taylor uses an older, more dated version of English than Jowett. This book mainly uses Jowett’s translation but occasionally adds Taylor’s if it offers a slightly different meaning for Plato’s descriptions. If any Classics scholars are interested, they can still study the original Greek texts to find additional or different meanings to those of the English translations used here.
Both of Plato’s English translators wrote at a time when most Christians believed the Bible’s Old Testament was an accurate history of the Earth. For devout Christians, God supposedly created the entire Universe in six days about six thousand years ago. Plato’s descriptions of anything at all that existed thousands of years before then, let alone advanced human civilisations, would have been considered heresy by many Christians in the 18th and 19th centuries. Science has only recently understood geological time or “Deep Time”, which began with the writings of James Hutton in the 1780s and Charles Lyell in the 1830s. Lyell was one of the first people to believe that the Earth was more than 300 million years old, and he based his belief on geological evidence. Lyell’s writings influenced Charles Darwin, who in 1859 published his radical book,On the Origin of Species, which described the concept of evolution.
In both theTimaeus andCritias, Plato repeatedly describes his Atlantis story as fact and not fiction. Yet, almost from the time Plato wrote about Atlantis in the 4th century BCE, many philosophers and scholars have argued that he created the Atlantis story as a fiction or “noble lie”. They claim Plato fashioned a fictitious Atlantis and prehistoric Athens as a metaphor and moral message for a discussion about ideal societies. But in all of his many philosophical writings, Plato never wrote anything we would call “fiction” genre. Plato believed the purpose of all “philosophy” was the search for “truth” and his writings are devoted to seeking the truth of the way the world works.
In theTimaeus andCritias, Plato writes the Atlantis story in the form of conversations or “dialogues” between various characters. Plato makes the Greek philosopher Socrates the central character who presides over the dial