| Cover | 1 |
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| Imprint | 4 |
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| Contents | 5 |
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| Preface | 7 |
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| References | 9 |
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| Chapter 1: Financial literacy. Uncovering avenues for future research (Kenneth De Beckker) | 11 |
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| 1.1 Introduction | 11 |
| 1.2 Defining and measuring financial literacy | 12 |
| 1.2.1 Test-based measures | 14 |
| 1.2.2 Self-assessment measures | 15 |
| 1.2.3 Outcome-based measures | 15 |
| 1.3 The level of financial literacy around the world | 15 |
| 1.4 Determinants of financial literacy | 17 |
| 1.4.1 Socio-economic determinants | 17 |
| 1.4.2 Financial socialization | 19 |
| 1.4.3 Culture | 20 |
| 1.5 Financial literacy and its consequences | 24 |
| 1.5.1 Household financial decisions | 24 |
| 1.5.2 Retirement planning | 25 |
| 1.5.3 Investment decisions | 25 |
| 1.5.4 Wealth | 27 |
| 1.5.5 Other | 27 |
| 1.6 Improving financial literacy | 32 |
| 1.6.1 Financial education | 32 |
| 1.6.2 Financial advice | 34 |
| 1.7 Conclusion | 34 |
| References | 35 |
| Chapter 2: A comparative analysis of pupils’ and teachers’ financial competencies in five European countries (Kenneth De Beckker, Kristof De Witte and Oliver Holz) | 41 |
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| 2.1 Introduction | 41 |
| 2.2 Data collection and methodology | 42 |
| 2.3 Descriptive statistics | 42 |
| 2.3.1 Pupils’ survey | 42 |
| 2.3.2 Teachers’ survey | 45 |
| 2.4 Descriptive results | 45 |
| 2.4.1 Pupils | 45 |
| 2.4.2 Teachers | 47 |
| 2.5 Regression results | 49 |
| 2.5.1 Pupils | 49 |
| 2.5.2 Teachers | 54 |
| 2.6 Conclusion | 57 |
| References | 57 |
| Appendix A: Pupils’ survey | 59 |
| Appendix B: Teachers’ survey | 64 |
| Appendix C: Locus of control items | 66 |
| Chapter 3: Financial education in Flanders (Belgium) (Kristof De Witte, Kenneth De Beckker and Oliver Holz) | 67 |
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| 3.1 Financial education in 2019 in Flanders (Belgium) | 67 |
| 3.1.1 Financial literacy levels | 67 |
| 3.1.2 The route to financial literacy in Flanders | 71 |
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