South American Wars 1815–30
■SANTA MARIA, 1815
General Simón Bolívar’s liberation of Venezuela received a check here, when a powerful Spanish force – sent out from Europe under Viceroy Pablo Morillo after Napoleon’s surrender – defeated the Venezuelans soundly, forcing Bolivar’s temporary exile to Jamaica.
■SIPE-SIPE, 28 NOVEMBER 1815
José Rondeau’s United Provinces Army of 3500 men was defeated at Sipe-Sipe (in modern Bolivia) by a 5100-strong royalist army under Joaquín de la Pezuela. The royalists inflicted 2000 casualties for the loss of 230 men.
■CROSSING THE ANDES, 19 JAN–13 FEB 1817
The rebel Army of the Andes, totalling 4000 Argentine and Chilean troops and 1200 auxiliaries under José de San Martín and Bernardo O’Higgins, made an epic 500km march across the Andes from Argentina to Chile.
■CHACABUCO, 12 FEBRUARY 1817
The Army of the Andes under José de San Martín and Bernardo O’Higgins defeated Rafael Maroto’s 1500 royalists at Chacabuco near Santiago. The rebels inflicted 1100 casualties for the loss of 100 men.
■PERNAMBUCAN REVOLT, 1817
The Portuguese province of Pernambuco in north-eastern Brazil had prospered during the War of 1812 between the United States and Britain, and opened markets for its cotton in Europe. However, as the Portuguese reestablished control after 1815, they once again began to impose restrictions on Brazilian commerce. Tensions grew between Brazilians and Portuguese in Pernambuco, gradually developing into a full-scale movement to establish an independent republic in the region. The rebels formed a provisional government, which sought arms and diplomatic support from Argentina, Britain and the United States. Failing to get international help, the rebels sought support from Bahia and Ceará, but the governors of these regions remained loyal to the Portuguese crown. The Pernambucan rebels abolished titles of nobility, class privile