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Identity and Integration in Europe Personal Security and the Ties of Migrants and Majority Populations to their Country

:	Yvonne Hapke
:	Identity and Integration in Europe Personal Security and the Ties of Migrants and Majority Populations to their Country
:	Akademische Verlagsgemeinschaft München
:	9783960912989
:	1
:	CHF 38.40
:

:	Politische Soziologie
:	English

:	412
:	Wasserzeichen
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

Assumptions of politicians, teachers, and other professionals about integration often fall short of theoretical and empirical support. This work seeks to bridge this gap by proposing a new theoretical concept looking at personal security and testing it empirically with data from 21 European countries. As migration often affects migrants and members of the receiving society alike both have been included in the analysis. Whereas classic identity research strongly relies on qualitative techniques and experimental designs, Yvonne Hapke adopts a quantitative approach. She successfully demonstrates that ethnic closure and xenophobia are the result of damaged or threatened identities and pose a major obstacle to integration. However, welcoming individuals with all of their defining characteristics, needs, and identities helps people to develop trust in others as well as in political institutions and makes them more confident about their country's future.

	Cover	1
	Impressum	5
	Contents	8
	Abbreviations	11
	1. Introduction	13
	1.1 Identity and security aspects in current immigration debates	14
	1.2 Object and purpose of this study	25
	1.3 Research approach and methodology	29
	2. The explanatory model and its theoretical background	37
	2.1 Integration	37
	2.1.1 Adaptation process to a new social environment	39
	2.1.2 Interaction between immigrants and the receiving society	47
	2.1.2.1 The ambivalent role of ethnic communities	50
	2.1.2.2 Ethnic closure (xenophobia)	55
	2.1.3 Integration in identity research	60
	2.1.4 Defining a conceptual operationalization of integration	69
	2.2 Identity security	74
	2.2.1 Identity sources	80
	2.2.1.1 Social groups and categories	81
	2.2.1.2 Social roles	89
	2.2.2 Identity construction	93
	2.2.2.1 Motives	96
	2.2.2.2 Mechanisms	100
	2.2.3 Identity enactment	102
	2.2.3.1 Living up to identity standard: self-verification	103
	2.2.3.2 Conforming to group prototype: depersonalization	104
	2.2.4 Threats to identity	106
	2.2.4.1 The origins of identity threat	107
	2.2.4.2 Potentially threatening conditions	109
	2.2.4.3 Devalued identities	113
	2.2.4.3.1 The threat potential of migration experience	115
	2.2.4.3.2 The threat potential of gender	118
	2.2.5 Responses to threat	121
	2.2.5.1 Ethnic ingroup orientation and xenophobia	123
	2.2.5.2 Narrowed identity: identity denial and identity salience	126
	2.2.5.3 Religious identity salience	128
	2.2.6 Coping resources	130
	2.2.6.1 Self-efficacy	131
	2.2.6.2 The multiplicity of identities	132
	2.2.6.3 Identity balance	142
	2.2.6.4 Social support	144
	2.2.6.5 Cognitive abilities	145
	2.3 The proposed explanatory model	147
	3. Empirical analysis	151
	3.1 Hypotheses	156
	3.2 Operational conceptualization of the model	158
	3.2.1 Definition of ethnic minority and migration background	158
	3.2.2 Integration	164
	3.2.3 Identity security	168
	3.2.3.1 Threats to identity	169
	3.2.3.2 Identity resources	182
	3.2.3.3 Summary identity security	197
	3.2.4 Defending threatened or injured identity	202
	3.2.4.1 Ethnic closure (xenophobia)	202
	3.2.4.2 Narrowed identity	210
	3.2.4.3 Salience of religious identity	212
	3.2.5 Summary of the model’s general concepts	214
	3.3 A country perspective	218
	3.3.1 The general model	220
	3.3.1.1 Integration as a function of identity security	221
	3.3.1.2 The role of ethnic closure	224
	3.3.1.3 Summary: Integration by identity security and ethnic closure	227
	3.3.2 The extended model	229
	3.3.2.1 Trust of the majority population and trust of migrants	230
	3.3.2.2 Ethnic closure of the majority and ingroup orientation of migrants	234
	3.3.2.3 Excurse: Does the country’s percentage of migrants play any role?	236
	3.4 An individual perspective	238
	3.4.1 The general model	238
	3.4.1.1 Integration as a function of identity security	239
	3.4.1.2 The role of ethnic closure	248
	3.4.1.3 The role of narrowed identity	251
	3.4.1.4 The role of religious identity salience	254
	3.4.1.5 The combination of all independent variables in the general model	258
	3.4.2 The extended model	260
	3.4.2.1 Trust of the majority population and trust of migrants	261
	3.4.2.2 Ethnic closure of the majority and ingroup orientation of migrants	263
	3.4.3 The impact of macro-variables on this micro-analytical model	265
	3.5 Supplementary analysis	270
	3.5.1 Distribution of identity resources and identity threats	270
	3.5.2 Threat perception, threat responses, and integration	279
	3.5.3 Excurse: Identity strength and the experience of threat	297
	3.5.4 Coping with identity threat	302
	4. Implications for integration policy and theory development	313
	4.1 Integration policy	313
	4.1.1 The level of policy making	313
	4.1.2 Target groups	315
	4.1.3 Policy contents	317
	4.1.3.1 Improving integration	317
	4.1.3.2 Reducing ethnic group orientation	319
	4.1.3.3 Multiple identities and integration	322
	4.2 Theory development	324
	5. Summary and conclusions	328
	References	336
	Annexes	386
	(1) Tables and figures	387
	(2) Questions from the European Social Survey	391