| Preface | 6 |
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| Overview and Goals | 7 |
| Organization and Features | 8 |
| Target Audience | 9 |
| Acknowledgements | 10 |
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| Contents | 11 |
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| Part I Review | 14 |
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| 1 Deep Learning and Computer-Aided Diagnosis for Medical Image Processing: A Personal Perspective | 15 |
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| References | 20 |
| 2 Review of Deep Learning Methods in Mammography, Cardiovascular, and Microscopy Image Analysis | 23 |
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| 2.1 Introduction on Deep Learning Methods in Mammography | 23 |
| 2.2 Deep Learning Methods in Mammography | 24 |
| 2.3 Summary on Deep Learning Methods in Mammography | 26 |
| 2.4 Introduction on Deep Learning for Cardiological Image Analysis | 26 |
| 2.5 Deep Learning-Based Methods for Heart Segmentation | 28 |
| 2.6 Deep Learning-Based Methods for Vessel Segmentation | 29 |
| 2.7 Introduction to Microscopy Image Analysis | 31 |
| 2.8 Deep Learning Methods | 33 |
| 2.9 Microscopy Image Analysis Applications | 34 |
| 2.10 Discussions and Conclusion on Deep Learning for Microscopy Image Analysis | 34 |
| References | 38 |
| Part II Detection and Localization | 45 |
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| 3 Efficient False Positive Reduction in Computer-Aided Detection Using Convolutional Neural Networks and Random View Aggregation | 46 |
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| 3.1 Introduction | 47 |
| 3.2 Related Work | 47 |
| 3.2.1 Cascaded Classifiers in CADe | 48 |
| 3.3 Methods | 48 |
| 3.3.1 Convolutional Neural Networks | 48 |
| 3.3.2 A 2D or 2.5D Approach for Applying ConvNets to CADe | 50 |
| 3.3.3 Random View Aggregation | 52 |
| 3.3.4 Candidate Generation | 52 |
| 3.4 Results | 53 |
| 3.4.1 Computer-Aided Detection Data Sets | 53 |
| 3.5 Discussion and Conclusions | 54 |
| References | 56 |
| 4 Robust Landmark Detection in Volumetric Data with Efficient 3D Deep Learning | 60 |
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| 4.1 Introduction | 60 |
| 4.2 Training Shallow Network with Separable Filters | 63 |
| 4.3 Training Sparse Deep Network | 66 |
| 4.4 Robust Detection by Combining Multiple Features | 67 |
| 4.5 Experiments | 68 |
| 4.6 Conclusions | 70 |
| References | 71 |
| 5 A Novel Cell Detection Method Using Deep Convolutional Neural Network and Maximum-Weight Independent Set | 73 |
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| 5.1 Introduction | 73 |
| 5.2 Methodology | 75 |
| 5.2.1 Cell Detection Using MWIS | 75 |
| 5.2.2 Deep Convolutional Neural Network | 76 |
| 5.3 Experiments | 78 |
| 5.4 Conclusion | 81 |
| References | 81 |
| 6 Deep Learning for Histopathological Image Analysis: Towards Computerized Diagnosis on Cancers | 83 |
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| 6.1 Introduction | 84 |
| 6.2 Previous Works | 85 |
| 6.2.1 Previous Works on Deep Learning for Histological Image Analysis | 86 |
| 6.2.2 Previous Works on Nuclear Atypia Scoring | 87 |
| 6.2.3 Previous Works on Epithelial and Stromal Segmentation | 88 |
| 6.3 Deep Learning for Nuclear Atypia Scoring | 88 |
| 6.3.1 CN Model for Nuclear Atypia Scoring | 90 |
| 6.3.2 Integration MR-CN with Combination Voting Strategies for NAS | 91 |
| 6.4 Deep Learning for Epithelial and Stromal Tissues Segmentation | 94 |
| 6.4.1 The Deep Convolutional Neural Networks | 94 |
| 6.4.2 Generating Training and Testing Samples | 94 |
| 6.4.3 The Trained CN for the Discrimination of EP and ST Regions | 95 |
| 6.5 Experimental Setup | 96 |
| 6.5.1 Data Set | 97 |
| 6.5.2 Comparison Strategies | 98 |
| 6.5.3 Computational and Implemental Consideration | 99 |
| 6.6 Results and Discussion | 99 |
| 6.6.1 Qualitative Results | 99 |
| 6.6.2 Quantitative Results | 100 |
| 6.7 Concluding Remarks | 102 |
| References | 102 |
| 7 Interstitial Lung Diseases via Deep Convolutional Neural Networks: Segmentation Label Propagation, Unordered Pooling and Cross-Dataset Learning | 106 |
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| 7.1 Introduction | 106 |
| 7.2 Methods | 109 |
| 7.2.1 Segmentation Label Propagation | 110 |
| 7.2.2 Multi-label ILD Regression | 112 |
| 7.3 Experiments and Discussion | 114 |
| 7.3.1 Segmentation Label Propagation | 114 |
| 7.3.2 Multi-label ILD Regression | 116 |
| 7.4 Conclusion | 118 |
| References | 119 |
| 8 Three Aspects on Using Convolutional Neural Networks for Computer-Aided Detection in Medical Imaging | 121 |
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| 8.1 Introduction | 122 |
| 8.2 Datasets and Related Work | 124 |
| 8.3 Methods | 127 |
| 8.3.1 Co
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