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Biology of Hevea Rubber

:	P.M. Priyadarshan
:	Biology of Hevea Rubber
:	Springer-Verlag
:	9783319545066
:	1
:	CHF 132.90
:

:	"Landwirtschaft, Gartenbau; Forstwirtschaft, Fischerei, Ernährung"
:	English

:	251
:	Wasserzeichen/DRM
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

In the second edition of this book, the origin, upkeep and latex harvest from theHevearubber tree are dealt with succinctly. New chapters have been included on Propagation Systems and Genetic Resources. The importance of Heterozygosis and Breeding is a new theme for the section on Breeding. A new chapter on Genomics and Molecular Breeding that focuses on the latest advancements on gene mapping, marker assisted selection and stimulation has been added. Lastly, ‘textboxes’ that highlight points and topics of significant interest are included in the new addition.

Natural rubber has been an essential commodity not only for the tire industry but also for more than 50,000 products that holds elasticity as an attribute. The prime source of natural rubber worldwide is Hevea brasiliensis.Hevea ubber tree is an excellent example of how a soil-tree-atmosphere system can work in tandem. The retrieval of rubber through ‘injuring’ the tree on alternate days or once in three days or once in seven days, is indeed a unique arrangement followed universally that ensures income to the planter almost throughout the year. Every molecule of rubber is the end result of meticulous biochemical changes. Therefore the biology ofHevearubber tree itself is a subject that aggregates science and technology for the realization of its industrial utility.

	Preface to the Second Edition	5
	Contents	6
	1: Introduction	9
	2: Genesis and Development	18
	2.1 The Amazon River Basin	18
	2.2 History of Domestication	21
	3: Plant Structure and Ecophysiology	28
	3.1 Plant Structure	28
	3.1.1 Flowers	29
	3.1.2 Fruit Set	32
	3.1.3 Post-fertilization Events	33
	3.1.4 Seed	35
	3.1.5 Vegetative Growth	35
	3.1.6 Wintering	36
	3.1.7 Root System	36
	3.1.8 Juvenile and Mature Characteristics	37
	3.1.9 Growth Studies	38
	3.1.10 Root Heterogeneity and Stock-Scion Interactions	38
	3.2 Ecophysiology	40
	3.2.1 Photosynthetic Efficiency	41
	3.2.2 Dry Matter Production and Water Use Efficiency (WUE)	42
	4: Propagation Systems	45
	4.1 Polyclonal Seed Generation	45
	4.2 Vegetative Methods	46
	4.2.1 Brown Bud Grafting	46
	4.2.2 Green Bud Grafting	47
	4.2.3 Young Bud Grafting	47
	4.2.4 Crown Grafting	47
	4.2.5 Rooting of Cuttings	49
	4.2.6 Layering	49
	4.2.7 Root Trainers	49
	4.3 Preparation and Packing of Propagation Materials	50
	4.4 Somatic Embryogenesis and Meristem Culture	52
	4.4.1 Stock-Scion Interaction	56
	5: Latex Production, Diagnosis and Harvest	57
	5.1 Rubber Particles	58
	5.2 Organic Non-rubber Constituents	59
	5.3 Nucleic Acids and Polysomes	62
	5.4 Latex Metabolism	62
	5.5 Factors Regulating Metabolism of Latex	66
	5.6 Latex Vessels and Turgour Pressure	67
	5.7 Anatomy and Latex Flow	69
	5.8 Lutoids and Coagulation of Latex	71
	5.8.1 Lutoid Breakdown Mechanisms	72
	5.9 Harvest	73
	5.9.1 Tapping Notations	74
	5.9.2 Tapping Techniques	76
	5.9.3 Factors Affecting Tapping Efficiency	78
	5.9.4 Yield Stimulation	80
	5.10 Tapping Panel Dryness and Necrosis	84
	6: Genetic Resources	89
	6.1 Hevea as a Species Complex	89
	6.1.1 Distribution of Allied Species	91
	6.1.2 New Genetic Resources	95
	6.2 Molecular Diversity	99
	6.3 Gene Flow and Paternity Identification	101
	6.4 Genetic Mapping	102
	6.5 Nuclear Vs. Cytoplasmic Diversity	104
	6.5.1 Potentiality of mtDNA	106
	6.5.2 Potentiality of cpDNA	108
	6.6 Impact of Genetic Erosion	111
	7: Heterozygosis and Breeding	112
	7.1 Early History of Rubber Breeding	112
	7.2 Evaluation of Clones	113
	7.3 Recombination Breeding	113
	7.4 Breeding Pattern	117
	7.5 Selection	120
	7.5.1 Early Selection and Estimation of Genetic Value	124
	7.5.2 Paternity Identification and Breeding Without Breeding (BwB)	126
	7.6 Hevea Clones	127
	8: Genetics of Traits	131
	9: Environmental Constraints and Adaptation to Global Changes	134
	9.1 Hevea Under Marginal Conditions	135
	9.1.1 Abiotic Stress Factors	138
	9.1.2 Regions of India, Thailand and Vietnam	140
	9.1.3 Chinese Conditions	142
	9.1.4 Conditions in West Africa	143
	9.1.5 Situation in South America	144
	9.2 Phenology Under Differential Geo-Climates	144
	9.3 Immature Phase Under Sub-optimal Environments	147
	9.4 Yield Depression, Patterns, Regimes and Specific Adaptation	148
	9.5 Tree Physiology Under Stressed Environments	155
	9.6 Hevea and Clean Development Management	158
	10: Genotype-by-Environment Interactions	165
	10.1 G × E Interactions and Specific Adaptation	166
	11: Biological Constraints	173
	11.1 South American Leaf Blight	173
	11.2 Abnormal Leaf Fall	180
	11.3 Powdery Mildew	181
	11.4 Corynespora Leaf Disease	182
	11.5 Shoot Rot	185
	11.6 Gloeosporium Leaf Disease	185
	12: Biotechnology	187
	12.1 In Vitro Culture	187
	12.2 Anther Culture	188
	12.3 Protoplast Culture and Embryo Rescue	189
	12.4 Direct Gene Transfer	189
	13: Genomics and Molecular Breeding	192
	13.1 Non-expressed Molecular Genetic Markers (MGMs)	193
	13.2 Expressed Genes in Hevea	195
	13.3 Transcriptome Analysis	199
	13.4 Rubber Biosynthesis	202
	13.5 Gene Mapping	204
	13.6 Molecular Biology of Tapping Panel Dryness (TPD)	209
	13.7 Genomics for Changed Climates	212
	13.8 Perspectives on Genomics	212
	14: Ancillary Income Generations	216
	14.1 Hevea Honey	216
	14.2 Hevea Wood	216
	14.2.1 Processing	218
	14.2.2 Production and Consumption	219
	References	220