| The Extraordinary Chambers in the Courtsof Cambodia | 6 |
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| Foreword | 8 |
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| Contents | 10 |
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| Editors and Contributors | 12 |
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| Abbreviations | 17 |
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| 1 Introduction: An Extraordinary Court | 19 |
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| Abstract | 19 |
| Part I Assessing the History, Establishment, Judicial Independence and Legacy | 29 |
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| 2 Trials and Tribulations: The Long Quest for Justice for the Cambodian Genocide | 30 |
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| Abstract | 30 |
| 2.1 Introduction | 31 |
| 2.2 Background | 32 |
| 2.2.1 The Long Process of Seeking Justice for the Khmer Rouge Crimes | 32 |
| 2.2.2 United Nations Acknowledgment | 35 |
| 2.2.3 The End of the Khmer Rouge | 36 |
| 2.2.4 The Law and Agreement on Establishment of the ECCC | 37 |
| 2.3 Key Features of the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia | 38 |
| 2.3.1 Jurisdiction | 38 |
| 2.3.2 Structure | 39 |
| 2.3.3 Decisions | 40 |
| 2.3.4 Penalties, Amnesties and Pardons | 40 |
| 2.3.5 Procedure | 41 |
| 2.3.6 Administration and Expenses | 41 |
| 2.3.7 The Agreement Between the Royal Government of Cambodia and the United Nations | 41 |
| 2.4 Judicial Challenges | 42 |
| 2.4.1 Qualification of Crimes Prosecuted | 43 |
| 2.4.2 National Crimes | 43 |
| 2.4.3 Genocide | 44 |
| 2.4.4 Scope of the Trials | 45 |
| 2.4.5 Legal and Administrative Framework for Victim Participation | 47 |
| 2.5 Non-judicial Challenges | 51 |
| 2.5.1 The Ticking of the Clock | 51 |
| 2.5.2 Chronic Under-Funding | 52 |
| 2.5.3 The Tower of Babel | 56 |
| 2.5.4 The Crusade Against the ECCC by Human Rights Organisations | 57 |
| 2.6 Conclusion | 58 |
| References | 61 |
| 3 Allegations of Political Interference, Bias and Corruption at the ECCC | 62 |
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| Abstract | 62 |
| 3.1 Introduction | 63 |
| 3.2 Structural Deficiencies and Political Interference | 63 |
| 3.3 Judicial Resignation in Response to Political Interference | 66 |
| 3.3.1 The Resignation of Judge Blunk | 67 |
| 3.3.2 The Resignation of Judge Kasper-Ansermet | 68 |
| 3.4 Allegations of Judicial Bias at the ECCC | 69 |
| 3.4.1 The Applicable Standard for Judicial Disqualification | 69 |
| 3.4.2 ECCC Case Law on Allegations of Bias | 71 |
| 3.4.2.1 Applications to Disqualify the Trial Chamber | 71 |
| 3.4.2.2 Applications to Disqualify Judge Marcel Lemonde | 73 |
| 3.4.2.3 Applications to Disqualify Judge Silvia Cartwright | 74 |
| 3.4.2.4 Application to Disqualify Judge You Ottara | 78 |
| 3.4.2.5 Application to Disqualify Judge Som Sereyvuth | 78 |
| 3.4.2.6 Application to Disqualify Judge You Bunleng | 79 |
| 3.4.2.7 Application to Disqualify Judge Ney Thol | 80 |
| 3.4.2.8 Application to Disqualify Judge Nil Nonn | 81 |
| 3.5 Allegations of Interference with the Administration of Justice | 82 |
| 3.5.1 Background and Legal Framework | 82 |
| 3.5.2 ECCC Case Law on Allegations of Political Interference | 82 |
| 3.5.2.1 Hun Sen’s Statements and the Presumption of Innocence | 82 |
| 3.5.2.2 Allegations of a Kickback Scheme and Other Interference | 83 |
| 3.5.2.3 The Alleged Actions of Judge Lemonde | 84 |
| 3.5.2.4 Allegations Against Foreign Minister Hor Namhong | 85 |
| 3.5.3 Discussion | 86 |
| 3.6 Impediments to the Judicial Process | 88 |
| 3.7 Concluding Remarks | 89 |
| References | 91 |
| 4 The 1979 Trial of the People’s Revolutionary Tribunal and Implications for ECCC | 93 |
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| Abstract | 93 |
| 4.1 Introduction | 94 |
| 4.2 The Findings of the ECCC | 95 |
| 4.3 The Trial of Pol Pot and Ieng Sary at the People’s Revolutionary Tribunal | 97 |
| 4.3.1 Preparation of the Trial and Support of the East German Office of the State Prosecutor General | 97 |
| 4.3.2 Legal Basis of the PRT | 98 |
| 4.3.3 The Trial | 99 |
| 4.4 Compliance with Internationally Recognized Human Rights Standards | 100 |
| 4.4.1 Admissibility of Trials in Absentia | 100 |
| 4.4.1.1 Trials in Absentia in National Legal Systems | 100 |
| 4.4.1.2 Trials in Absentia and International Recognized Human Rights Standards | 102 |
| The Human Rights Committee | 102 |
| The European Court of Human Rights | 102 |
| 4.4.1.3 Trials in Absentia and International Criminal Jurisdictions | 103 |
| 4.4.2 Consequences for the 1979 Trial Against Pol Pot and Ieng Sary | 104 |
| 4.4.2.1 General Considerations | 104 |
| 4.4.2.2 Defence at the PRT | 105 |
| 4.4.3 Other Aspects | 106 |
| 4.4.3.1 Possible Bias of the Presiding Judge and Violation of the Presumption of Innocence | 106 |
| 4.4.3.2 Independence of the Lay Judges | 106 |
| 4.4.3.3 The Definition of Genocide in the PRT-Law | 107 |
| 4.4.3.4 Individual Criminal Responsibility | 108 |
| 4.4.4 Interim Result | 109 |
| 4.5 The Principle of Ne Bis in Idem and the Proceedings Against Ieng Sary at the ECCC | 110 |
| 4.5.1 General Considerations | 110 |
| 4.5.2 The Principle of Ne Bis in Idem at t
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