| Contents at a Glance | 5 |
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| Contents | 6 |
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| About the Authors | 9 |
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| About the Technical Reviewer | 11 |
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| Acknowledgments | 12 |
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| Chapter 1: Introduction: Why This Book? | 15 |
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| Who Are the Authors? | 16 |
| Why Read This Book? | 17 |
| A Brief History of AI | 19 |
| Social Machines | 21 |
| Risks and Challenges | 22 |
| What Lies Ahead for the Reader | 23 |
| What This Book Is Not About | 25 |
| Chapter 2: Who Will Be Your Next Doctor? | 27 |
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| Going to the Doctor | 27 |
| Could an Intelligent Computer Be Your Next Doctor? | 29 |
| The Situation Today | 29 |
| The Not Too Distant Future | 29 |
| Cognitive Computing Technology | 30 |
| From Individual to Network | 33 |
| Other AI Systems in Healthcare | 34 |
| Social Media and Trend Analytics | 35 |
| Web-Based (Healthcare) Applications | 37 |
| Personalized (Healthcare) Applications | 38 |
| So Who Will Be Your Next Doctor? | 39 |
| Chapter 3: The Games We Play | 42 |
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| Obvious Differences? | 42 |
| Computers Play Chess | 45 |
| Starting Simple: Tic-tac-toe | 47 |
| From Tic-Tac-Toe to Chess | 52 |
| Why Computers Are Good at Chess | 56 |
| Go, the Current Challenge | 59 |
| Other Games | 61 |
| How Do Humans Play Games? | 65 |
| Beyond Games | 68 |
| Chapter 4: The Limits of Humans | 70 |
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| Problem Solving | 70 |
| Memory and Aging | 73 |
| Emotion and Stress | 75 |
| Socialization and Mobility | 78 |
| Humans and Tools | 79 |
| Can Machines Augment Human Limits? | 80 |
| Chapter 5: What Computers Can t Do Yet | 84 |
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| Getting Machines to Understand the Way People Use Language | 85 |
| Ambiguity in Language | 88 |
| Understanding the World We Live In | 92 |
| Encoding World Knowledge | 93 |
| Knowledge and Memory | 96 |
| Understanding What They Perceive | 98 |
| The Problem of Context | 100 |
| Procedural Systems | 101 |
| Declarative Systems | 101 |
| Learning Systems | 103 |
| What About Creativity? | 107 |
| Chapter 6: Augmenting Human Capabilities with AI | 109 |
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| Human Enhancements: Now and the Near Future | 109 |
| Enhanced Problem Solving | 110 |
| Fatigue and Stress | 111 |
| Individualized Support Technology | 113 |
| Building User Interfaces | 115 |
| Human Enhancements: Near Future and Beyond | 117 |
| Personal Assistants | 118 |
| Enhancing Memory | 120 |
| Beyond the Individual | 121 |
| Chapter 7: Social Machines: Embracing the Blur | 124 |
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| Human Computation | 127 |
| Games with a Purpose and Citizen Science | 130 |
| Wikipedia: The People s Encyclopedia | 135 |
| Artificial Intelligence Needs Social Machines | 140 |
| Watson and Wikipedia | 140 |
| Deep Learning and Labeled Data | 142 |
| Social Machines Need AI | 144 |
| Chapter 8: Social Challenges for the Social Machine | 148 |
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| The Technology Development Cycle | 149 |
| Technology for the Individual | 150 |
| AI Technology and Warfare | 155 |
| Managing Cognitive Support Technology | 162 |
| Extending and Maintaining Cognitive Computing Technology | 165 |
| The Limits of Learning | 167 |
| The Wisdom of the Crowd or the Madness of the Mob | 170 |
| Chapter 9: Conclusion: Social Machines and the New Future | 173 |
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| Index | 177 |