| Preface | 6 |
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| Contents | 8 |
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| Part IEssential Topics in Applied Linguistics | 10 |
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| 1 Can you Learn to Love Grammar and so Make it Grow? On the Role of Affect in L2 Development | 11 |
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| Abstract | 11 |
| 1 Introduction | 12 |
| 2 Emotions and Language Learning | 13 |
| 3 The Affective Filter Hypothesis | 14 |
| 4 Differentiating Different Aspects of L2 | 15 |
| 5 Affect and Valence | 16 |
| 6 Modular Use and Growth or Language | 18 |
| 7 Affect and Valence in Mogul | 21 |
| 8 Implications for the Acquisition of Grammar | 25 |
| 9 Conclusion | 26 |
| References | 26 |
| 2 It s All in the Eyes: How Language Dominance, Salience, and Context Affect Eye Movements During Idiomatic Language Processing | 29 |
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| Abstract | 29 |
| 1 Introduction | 30 |
| 2 The Present Study | 34 |
| 2.1 Hypotheses and Predictions | 35 |
| 2.2 Method | 36 |
| 2.2.1 Participants | 36 |
| 2.2.2 Materials | 37 |
| 2.2.3 Apparatus and Procedure | 38 |
| 2.3 Results | 39 |
| 2.3.1 Total Reading Time | 39 |
| 2.3.2 Fixation Count | 40 |
| 2.3.3 Regressions | 41 |
| 3 Discussion and Conclusions | 42 |
| References | 46 |
| 3 The Critical Period Hypothesis for Second Language Acquisition: Tailoring the Coat of Many Colors | 50 |
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| Abstract | 50 |
| 1 Introduction | 50 |
| 2 What Critical Periods Look Like | 51 |
| 3 Nativelikeness and the CPH/L2A | 52 |
| 4 Scrutiny Across the Board | 53 |
| 5 Framing the Issues | 54 |
| 6 Conclusion | 56 |
| References | 56 |
| 4 The Association Between Aptitude Components and Language Skills in Young Learners | 58 |
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| Abstract | 58 |
| 1 Introduction | 59 |
| 2 Aptitude Research | 59 |
| 3 Method | 65 |
| 3.1 Participants | 65 |
| 3.2 Instruments | 66 |
| 4 Results | 66 |
| 5 Discussion | 69 |
| Acknowledgments | 72 |
| A.x(118). Appendix | 72 |
| References | 72 |
| 5 Cross-Linguistic Influence in L2 Writing: The Role of Short-Term Memory | 76 |
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| Abstract | 76 |
| 1 Introduction | 77 |
| 1.1 Sequencing in SLA and Short-Term Memory | 77 |
| 1.2 Short-Term Memory and Language Learning at Different Proficiency Levels | 78 |
| 1.3 Cross-Linguistic Influence and L2 Proficiency | 79 |
| 2 Methodology | 80 |
| 2.1 Contextualization and Rationale | 80 |
| 2.2 Research Questions | 81 |
| 2.3 Participants | 82 |
| 2.4 Operational Definitions and Research Instruments | 83 |
| 2.5 Exposure to L2 Outside the Classroom | 85 |
| 2.6 Probing Cross-Linguistic Influence in Respect of Collocational Use | 85 |
| 2.7 PSTM Tasks: Serial Nonword Recall and Recognition | 86 |
| 3 Results and Discussion | 87 |
| 3.1 PSTM Characteristics of the Participants | 87 |
| 3.2 The Distribution of L2 Collocation, Exposure and Cross-Linguistic Scores | 88 |
| 3.3 Simple Intercorrelations Among Principal Measures | 89 |
| 4 Conclusion | 92 |
| References | 92 |
| 6 Another Look at Temporal Variation in Language Learning Motivation: Results of a Study | 96 |
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| Abstract | 96 |
| 1 Introduction | 97 |
| 2 Theoretical Support for a Process View of Motivation | 97 |
| 3 Previous Research on the Dynamics of Language Learning Motivation | 99 |
| 4 The Study | 101 |
| 4.1 Research Questions | 101 |
| 4.2 Participants | 102 |
| 4.3 Design of the Study | 102 |
| 4.4 Results and Discussion | 104 |
| 5 Conclusions | 113 |
| References | 115 |
| 7 Testing Linguistic Awareness Among Learners of Hungarian | 117 |
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| Abstract | 117 |
| 1 Introduction | 118 |
| 2 Background Issues | 118 |
| 2.1 The Hungarian Language | 118 |
| 2.2 Hungarians in the World | 119 |
| 2.2.1 Hungarians in the Neighboring Countries | 119 |
| 2.
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