| Summary | 5 |
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| Preface | 7 |
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| 1 Introduction | 13 |
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| 1.1 Subject and Plan of the Study | 13 |
| 1.2 The Intellectual Context | 17 |
| 1.2.1 The Perspective of Complex Adaptive Systems | 17 |
| 1.2.2 The Modelling Approach | 20 |
| 1.2.3 Evolution of Religion on Multiple Levels | 24 |
| 1.2.4 Norm Groups Emerge from Psychological Rudiments | 29 |
| 1.2.5 Difference to Economist Approaches | 31 |
| 1.3 Research Questions and Methodology | 36 |
| 2 Cooperation as a Human Puzzle | 41 |
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| 2.1 Ubiquitous Cooperation | 41 |
| 2.2 Evolutionary Considerations | 43 |
| 2.2.1 Kin, Reciprocity, Reputation | 43 |
| 2.2.2 Cultural Group Selection | 46 |
| 2.2.3 Costly Signaling | 50 |
| 2.3 Social Psychology of Norms | 53 |
| 2.4 The Strategic Role of Emotions | 56 |
| 2.5 Chapter Conclusions | 60 |
| 3 Religion as a Solution to Social Dilemmas | 62 |
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| 3.1 Effects of Religion on Prosocial Behavior: Four Predictions | 63 |
| 3.1.1 Reputational Concern | 63 |
| 3.1.2 Cues of the Supernatural | 64 |
| 3.1.3 Morally Concerned Deities | 65 |
| 3.1.4 Signals of Commitment | 66 |
| 3.2 Evaluation of the Signaling Hypothesis | 70 |
| 3.2.1 The Problem of Underlying Quality | 71 |
| 3.2.2 The Problem of Ideological Content | 75 |
| 3.2.3 The Problem of Emotions | 82 |
| 3.3 Chapter Conclusions | 85 |
| 4 Deprivation, Hazards, and Religious Revivals | 86 |
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| 4.1 The Deprivation Theory | 88 |
| 4.2 The Hazard-Precaution System | 91 |
| 4.3 Religion as a Survival Strategy | 93 |
| 4.4 Collapse and Revival in a Simulated Social Network | 95 |
| 4.5 Kinds of Revivals and Cultural Inertia | 101 |
| 4.6 Chapter Conclusions | 105 |
| 5 Revivalism in early Nineteenth Century Finland | 107 |
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| 5.1 Revivalism as Homogeneous Phenomena | 107 |
| 5.2 The Socioeconomic Context | 111 |
| 5.2.1 Land Reforms and Growth of the Agrarian Populace | 112 |
| 5.2.2 Rigid Economic System under Mercantilism | 116 |
| 5.2.3 Clergy and the Conventicle Placard | 119 |
| 5.3 Three Revivals | 121 |
| 5.3.1 The Jumping Revival | 122 |
| 5.3.2 The Kuortane Revival | 124 |
| 5.3.3 Ostrobothnian Skörts | 126 |
| 6 From the Deprived to the Revived: A Self-Organizatory Process | 130 |
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| 6.1 Social Composition of the Revived | 130 |
| 6.1.1 The Jumping Revival | 131 |
| 6.1.2 The Kuortane Revival | 134 |
| 6.1.3 Ostrobothnian Skörts | 136 |
| 6.1.4 Comparison of Social Profiles | 140 |
| 6.2 Self-Organization among the Revived | 144 |
| 6.2.1 Behavioral Requirements and Group Demarcation | 145 |
| 6.2.2 Emotional Signaling | 148 |
| 6.2.3 Evidence of Norm Observance and Cohesion | 153 |
| 7 Discussion and Conclusions | 159 |
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| 7.1 Summary: Beyond Sociohistorical Explanations | 159 |
| 7.1.1 Who Had Cause to Communicate Commitment? | 161 |
| 7.1.2 Was Joining a Revival Costly? | 168 |
| 7.1.3 Were Conventicles Rituals? | 170 |
| 7.1.4 Was the God of the Revived a Moralist? | 173 |
| 7.1.5 Finnish Revivals as Cultural Group Selection | 173 |
| 7.2 Future Research | 175 |
| 7.2.1 Reinvestigating the Role of Religious Leadership | 175 |
| 7.2.2 Simulation Experiments and Religions as Complex Adaptive Systems | 178 |
| 7.2.3 Revival Movements’ Divergent Trajectories | 179 |
| 7.2.4 Revivals and Enclosures | 180 |
| 8 Sources | 182 |
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| 9 References | 183 |
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| Index | 207 |
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