| Preface | 5 |
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| 1 Literal Meaning | 11 |
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| 1 Hidden Sense | 11 |
| 2 Irony and Implicature | 14 |
| 3 The Way You Say It | 16 |
| 4 Difficult Sentences | 18 |
| 2 Lexical Semantics | 22 |
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| 1 What’s in a Word? | 22 |
| 2 Homonymy and Polysemy | 25 |
| 3 Sense Relations | 28 |
| 4 Semantic Networks | 30 |
| 3 Structural Ambiguity | 35 |
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| 1 Some Elementary Examples | 35 |
| 2 Scope and Syntactic Domains | 44 |
| 3 Syntactic Domains and Reconstruction | 48 |
| 4 Logical Form | 56 |
| 4.1 The LF Scope Principle | 56 |
| 4.2 Quantifier Raising | 58 |
| 4.3 Opaque and Transparent Readings | 61 |
| 4.4 More Hidden Structure* | 63 |
| Summary | 65 |
| 4 Introducing Extensions | 68 |
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| 1 Frege’s Principle | 68 |
| 2 A Farewell to Psychologism | 69 |
| 3 Extensions for Words and Phrases | 72 |
| 3.1 Referential Expressions | 72 |
| 3.2 Common Nouns | 74 |
| 3.3 Functional Nouns | 76 |
| 3.4 Verbs and Verb Phrases | 80 |
| 4 Truth Values as Extensions of Sentences | 82 |
| 5 Thematic Roles | 85 |
| 5 Composing Extensions | 93 |
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| 1 Truth Tables | 94 |
| 2 Referential Subjects and Objects | 98 |
| 3 Sets and Set-Theoretic Notation | 103 |
| 4 Referential Arguments and Functional Nouns | 108 |
| 5 Analyzing Structural Ambiguities | 114 |
| 5.1 Logical Connectives: and and or | 114 |
| 5.2 Nominal Modification | 118 |
| 5.3 Calculating an Attachment Ambiguity | 121 |
| 5.4 Plural NPs* | 123 |
| 6 Quantifiers | 125 |
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| 1 Determiners and Quantifiers | 125 |
| 2 Names as Quantifiers | 132 |
| 3 Type-Driven Interpretation | 135 |
| 4 Quantifying DPs in Object Position* | 139 |
| 4.1 Solution 1: Quantifier Raising | 140 |
| 4.2 Solution 2: In Situ Interpretation | 143 |
| 4.3 Discussion | 145 |
| 5 The Verb to be | 146 |
| 7 Propositions | 148 |
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| 1 Intensional Contexts | 148 |
| 2 Cases and Propositions | 149 |
| 3 Logical Space | 153 |
| 4 Propositional Logic as the Logic of Propositions | 155 |
| 4.1 Venn Diagrams and Truth Tables | 155 |
| 4.2 Logical Connectives Revisited | 160 |
| 4.3 Material Implication and Valid Inferences | 165 |
| 5 Limits and Limitations of Propositional Logic | 171 |
| 5.1 Beyond Truth Functionality | 171 |
| 5.2 Exclusive or | 175 |
| 5.3 Non-Clausal Connectives | 178 |
| 8 Intensions | 180 |
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| 1 From Propositions to Intensions | 180 |
| 2 Composing Intensions | 183 |
| 3 Intensions and Sense Relations | 187 |
| 4 Compositional vs. Lexical Semantics | 191 |
| 5 Hintikka’s Attitudes | 198 |
| 6 From Intension to Extension and Back Again | 203 |
| 7 Tense, Time, and Logic* | 209 |
| 9 Presuppositions | 215 |
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| 1 The Definite Article | 215 |
| 2 More on Entailments and Truth Value Gaps | 221 |
| 3 Presupposition and Assertion | 228 |
| 4 Presupposition and Discourse | 230 |
| 5 Accommodation | 235 |
| 6 Presupposition Projection* | 238 |
| 10 Compositional Variable Binding* | 242 |
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| 1 The Problem | 242 |
| 2 Assignments | 243 |
| 3 Interpreting Variable Binding | 249 |
| 4 Compositionality | 250 |
| 5 Predicate Logic | 254 |
| 5.1 Basic Definitions | 254 |
| 5.2 Some Variants and Alternatives | 257 |
| 5.3 Predicate Logic and Compositionality | 258 |
| 5.4 Validity, Logical Equivalence, and Entailment | 259 |
| 6 The Lambda Operator | 263 |
| 6.1 Predicate Logic with Lambda Terms | 263 |
| 6.2 Beyond Predicate Logic | 268 |
| Solutions to the Exercises | 272 |
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| References | 289 |
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| Index | 297 |
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