| Foreword BIRD | 4 |
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| Fluid Design | 4 |
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| 5 | 4 |
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| Design as Research Paradigm | 7 |
| Design as a Transitory Discipline | 8 |
| The Things in Design | 9 |
| The Production of Things Through Use | 10 |
| Relevance in Relation to Research | 14 |
| Explorations | 15 |
| A View of Other Disciplines | 17 |
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| Use and Redefinitions of Use in Literature | 19 |
| A Synopsis of Design History from the Perspective of Use | 19 |
| The Cultural History of Object Use | 20 |
| Design Publications | 23 |
| Use and Usefulness in Sociology | 25 |
| Related Strategies of Discovery | 27 |
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| Art and Literature | 29 |
| Architecture | 30 |
| Science | 31 |
| Intentional Re-Design | 33 |
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| Design as a Manifesto | 35 |
| Scarcity Societies | 41 |
| German Democratic Republic (GDR): Instructions for DIY | 42 |
| The Post-War Period: Turning Steel Helmets into Chamber Pots | 43 |
| “Third World”: Recycling the Waste of the Rich | 44 |
| Ecological Design | 45 |
| Deliberate Abandonment of Products | 48 |
| Commercialization | 49 |
| DIYers and Hobbyists | 49 |
| Strategies of Appropriation | 50 |
| Non-Intentional Design from an Empiricist Perspective | 53 |
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| Contradictions in the Object: Design Intention and Use | 55 |
| Form and Function as Characteristics of Use | 55 |
| Dealing with Meaning | 56 |
| Everyday Use – Design Intention | 58 |
| The Privacy of Home | 60 |
| Public Space | 74 |
| New Media | 89 |
| The Personal Computer | 89 |
| NID in the Area of Computer Software – Example: Internet | 96 |
| The Subjects: Objects of, and Reasons for, Repurposing | 103 |
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| Methodology | 105 |
| The Sample | 106 |
| Spaces and Rooms | 108 |
| Gender Comparison of Instances of Repurposing by Room or Space | 108 |
| Repurposed Objects | 112 |
| Gender Comparison of Instances of Repurposing | 112 |
| Personal NIDs and Favourite NIDs | 115 |
| Reasons for Repurposing | 115 |
| Preferences | 115 |
| Gender Comparison of Reasons for Repurposing | 116 |
| Exemplary Target Group Differentiation: Nationality, Profession, Age | 117 |
| Example: Nationality | 117 |
| Example: Profession | 117 |
| Example: Age Group | 118 |
| The Objects | 121 |
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| Simple Things | 124 |
| Cheap Products and Disposable Products | 126 |
| Multifunctional Products | 132 |
| Media Products | 135 |
| Radio and Television | 136 |
| The Car | 138 |
| Architectural Elements: Walls, Floors, Stairs | 142 |
| The Wall: Noticeboard and Supporting Structure | 142 |
| The Floor: Interior and Exterior Seating Alternative | 144 |
| The Stairs: A Place for Sitting, Playing, and Sports | 144 |
| The Process of Discovery | 147 |
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| Product Characteristics: Form, Material, Value, and Availability | 149 |
| The Time Factor: Finding a Solution and Permanent Changes of Use | 150 |
| Reversibility: Returning to the Original State | 151 |
| An Example: Rain Protection without Umbrellas | 152 |
| Personality: Pro or Contra Types | 154 |
| Non-intentional Design in Public Spaces | 155 |
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| Designed Environments | 157 |
| Urban Passengers | 158 |
| Objects in Public Spaces | 158 |
| Private Objects and Communal Goods | 159 |
| Repurposing: Sitting, Informing, Securing | 160 |
| Sitting | 160 |
| Providing Information | 164 |
| Securing Bicycles | 166 |
| Constructive and Destructive Repurposing | 168 |
| Appropriation | 168 |
| Self-Determination | 170 |
| Public Man - Private Woman? | 171 |
| Design between Subject and Object | 175 |
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| The Beautiful and the Good according to Plato | 177 |
| From Idea to Object: Design | 178 |
| From Object to Idea: Non-Intentional Design | 180 |
| Design as Applied Philosophy | 181 |
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| What’s in a Name | 183 |
| Authority of Design - Autonomy in Use | 184 |
| Non-Intentional Design as a Basis for an Open Design Approach | 184 |
| Bibliography | 186 |
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| The Authors | 190 |
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| Picture Credits | 191 |
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