| Contents | 6 |
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| Introduction | 8 |
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| Religious Education in a Religiously Pluralised and Secularised Society | 10 |
| Part I: Different Models of Religious Education in Europe | 16 |
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| Situation and Current Developments of Religious Education in Europe | 18 |
| 1. Introduction | 18 |
| 2. Key Characteristics of Religious Education in Europe | 19 |
| 3. European Developments | 26 |
| 4. Perspectives | 32 |
| Religious Education in Belgium: Historical Overview and Current Debates | 36 |
| 1. Introduction | 36 |
| 2. Historical Overview | 37 |
| 3. Some (Impressive) Facts and Figures6 | 43 |
| 4. Practical Problems | 46 |
| 5. The New Sociological Situation | 48 |
| 6. Struggling and Coping with Depillarisation, Diversity and Secularisation | 50 |
| Teaching about Religious Issues within the Framework of the French “Laïcité” | 56 |
| 1. The Principle of Laïcité: Church, State and School | 56 |
| 2. Towards Awareness of the Necessary to Stress More on Teaching about Religious Issues | 59 |
| 3. Teaching about Religious Issues within the Schools | 63 |
| 4. Conclusion | 66 |
| References | 66 |
| Without Fear or Favour: Forty Years of Non-confessional and Multi-faith Religious Education in Scandinavia and the UK | 70 |
| 1. ‘Without Fear or Favour’ | 70 |
| 2. Forty Years of Non-confessional-multi-faith Religious Education | 70 |
| 3. Why did Non-confessional, Multi-faith Religious Education Develop? | 72 |
| 4. The Influence of Phenomenology | 73 |
| 5. Forty Years Later | 75 |
| 6. Forty Years Later in Non-confessional, Multi-faith Religious Education | 76 |
| 7. Varieties of Non-confessional, Multi-faith Religious Education | 77 |
| 8. The Lessons of Forty Years | 81 |
| 10. Remaining Questions | 83 |
| 11. Conclusion | 83 |
| References | 84 |
| Religious Education in a Pillarised and Postsecular Age in the Netherlands | 86 |
| 1. Introduction | 86 |
| 2. From State-Protestantism to Pillarisation | 87 |
| 3. From a Pillarised to a Post-secular Society | 88 |
| 4. Positioning Religion(s) in Denominational Schools: Current Situation and Trends | 90 |
| 5. Education of Encounter | 93 |
| 6. Squaring the Circle: Religious Citizenship Education | 94 |
| 7. Concluding Remarks | 96 |
| References | 97 |
| Religious Education in Norway | 100 |
| 1. Introduction: Obligatory Integrative Religious Education – the Norwegian Context | 100 |
| 2. Religious Education in Norway until the 1990s: the Emergence of a Separative Model2 | 101 |
| 3. The Introduction of Integrative Religious Education in the 1990s | 103 |
| 4. Norwegian Integrative Religious Education and International Law: the Human Rights Issue | 106 |
| 5. Religion, Livssyn og Etikk (RLE): the Revised Subject of 2008 | 109 |
| 6. Conclusion: Obligatory Education about Religions in Contemporary Plural, Secularised Societies | 111 |
| References | 113 |
| Part II: Should Religious Education be Part of the (State) School Curriculum? Three Normative Views | 116 |
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| Dialogue Needs Difference: The Case for Denominational and Cooperative Religious Education | 118 |
| 1. Denominational Religious Education in Educational Perspective | 118 |
| 2. Should Denominational Religious Education be Part of the (State) School Curriculum? | 119 |
| 3. Dialogue and Difference | 122 |
| 4. Different Approaches to Dialogue in Religious Education | 123 |
| 5. Perspectives for the Future: Different Paths towards Dialogical Religious Education in Different Locations? | 128 |
| References | 129 |
| Why Religion Education, as a Matter of Course, ought to be Part of the Public School Curriculum1 | 132 |
| 1. Why Religion must be Studied and Taught about – Fundamentals | 132 |
| 2. A Compulsory, Separate Religion Education: Fundamentals | 141 |
| 3. Final Remarks and Arguments | 145 |
| References | 148 |
| Why Religious Education should not be Exclusively Religious | 152 |
| 1. Introduction | 152 |
| 2. The Five Models Briefly Introduced | 153 |
| 3. Religious Education and Secularism | 157 |
| 4. Traditional Secularism and Secularism Renewed | 158 |
| 5. Secularism and Criticism of Religion | 159 |
| 6. The Implications of Free Debate on Religion for the State Curriculum | 160 |
| 7. The Implications of Secularism for Religious Education | 163 |
| References | 164 |
| Conclusion | 168 |
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| The Challenges of the Paradigm Shift in Religious Education | 170 |
| 1. The Importance of National Contexts | 170 |
| 2. A Shift in Paradigm | 172 |
| 3. Convergences | 173 |
| 4. Challenges and Discussion | 175 |
| 5. Conclusion | 177 |
| Biographical Details | 178 |