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Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Melanoma

:	Michael J. Murphy
:	Michael J. Murphy
:	Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Melanoma
:	Humana Press
:	9781607614333
:	1
:	CHF 189.30
:

:	Klinische Fächer
:	English

:	322
:	Wasserzeichen
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

This book describes both the technologies used in the discovery of melanoma biomarkers and the clinical application of these biomarkers for diagnosis and staging of disease, determination of prognosis, treatment planning, monitoring of response to therapy, identification of novel therapeutic targets and drug development. A broad range of biomarkers (DNA/chromosomal, mRNA, microRNA, mitochondrial DNA, epigenetic and protein) is outlined. As therapies for melanoma become increasingly more target specific, the identification, validation and use of biomarkers will invariably play a greater role in the management of patients with this disease.Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Melanomais an essential resource for oncologists, dermatologists, dermatopathologists, general pathologists with an interest in melanoma, and melanoma researchers.

	Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Melanoma	3
	Preface	7
	Contents	9
	Contributors	11
	1: Introduction to Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Melanoma	15
	References	21
	2: Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers in Melanoma: Current State of Play	22
	Introduction	22
	Tumor Tissue-Based Biomarkers	22
	Serological Markers	25
	Perspective	27
	References	27
	3: Molecular Pathogenesis of Melanoma: Established and Novel Pathways	32
	Introduction	32
	Molecular Pathways Involved in Melanoma	33
	Established Pathways	34
	RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK Signaling	34
	KIT	36
	High-Risk Melanoma Susceptibility Genes (CDKN2A and CDK4)	37
	Low-Risk Melanoma Susceptibility Genes	38
	PTEN and PI3K-AKT Pathways	39
	MITF	40
	Novel Pathways	41
	Notch1	41
	Nuclear Factor- k B	42
	iNOS	43
	Conclusion	44
	References	45
	4: Staging of Melanoma	51
	TNM Classification	51
	T – Primary Tumor	51
	Primary Tumor Thickness	51
	Ulceration	51
	Mitotic Rate	52
	N – Regional Lymph Nodes	53
	Micrometastases Versus Macrometastases	53
	Intralymphatic Metastases	54
	Immunohistochemical (IHC) Detection of Micrometastases	54
	M – Distant Metastasis	54
	Metastatic Melanoma of Unknown Primary Site	55
	Clinical Versus Histopathologic Staging	55
	Clinical Staging	55
	Histopathologic Staging	56
	Stage Groups	56
	Localized Melanoma (Stages I and II)	56
	Regional Metastases (Stage III)	57
	Distant Metastases (Stage IV)	57
	Updates and Changes in the 7th Edition AJCC Melanoma Staging System	57
	Final Comments and Future Applications	58
	References	59
	5: Clinical and Histopathological Parameters in Melanoma	61
	Introduction	61
	Age	61
	Anatomic Location	62
	Gender	62
	Breslow Thickness	62
	Clark Anatomic Level	63
	Tumor Volume	64
	Cross-Sectional Profile	64
	Ulceration	65
	Mitotic Rate	65
	Radial and Vertical Growth Phases	66
	Regression	67
	Host Inflammatory Response	68
	Tumor Vascularity	68
	Vascular Invasion	69
	Angiotropism	69
	Histological Tumor Type	69
	Cytologic Variants	70
	Desmoplasia	71
	Neurotropic Melanoma	71
	Cytologic Atypia	71
	Borderline Melanocytic Lesions	72
	Association with a Benign Melanocytic Nevus	72
	Paratumoral Epidermal Hyperplasia	72
	Satellite and In-Transit Metastasis	73
	Sentinel Lymph Nodes	73
	Conclusion	73
	References	75
	6: Genetic/Epigenetic Biomarkers: Distinction of Melanoma from Other Melanocytic Neoplasms	80
	Introduction	80
	Allelic Imbalance (AI) Analysis	80
	Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH)	81
	Multiplex Ligation-Dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA)	82
	Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)	82
	Analysis of BRAF, NRAS, and HRAS Gene Mutation	83
	Gene Expression Analysis Using DNA Microarrays	84
	Epigenetic Biomarkers	84
	Combination of Mutational Analysis and Methylation-Specific MLPA	85
	Case 1	85
	Case 2	85
	Conclusion	87
	References	87
	7: mRNA Biomarkers in Melanoma	89
	Introduction	89
	Melanomagenesis	91
	Dysplastic Nevi and Melanoma Progression	92
	From RGP Melanoma to VGP Melanoma: The Big Step	92
	From Primary Melanoma to Metastatic Disease	93
	Gene Expression Profiling and Outcome	95
	Conclusion	97
	References	97
	8: Epigenetic Biomarkers in Melanoma	99
	Introduction	99
	DNA Methylation	101
	Aberrant DNA Hypermethylation	101
	Aberrant DNA Hypomethylation	104
	Clinical Applications	105
	DNA Methylation as Biomarkers in Melanoma	105
	Histone Modifications	107
	Histone Acetylation and Methylation	108
	Clinical Applications	108
	Histone Modifications as Biomarkers in Melanoma	110
	MicroRNAs	112
	Conclusions	115
	References	115
	9: MicroRNA Biomarkers in Melanoma<