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The Need for an Integrated Regulatory Regime for Aviation and Space ICAO for Space?

:	Ram S. Jakhu, Tommaso Sgobba, Paul Stephen Dempsey
:	Ram S. Jakhu, Tommaso Sgobba, Paul Stephen Dempsey
:	The Need for an Integrated Regulatory Regime for Aviation and Space ICAO for Space?
:	Springer-Verlag
:	9783709107188
:	1
:	CHF 85,30
:

:	Internationales Recht, Ausländisches Recht
:	English

:	200
:	Wasserzeichen/DRM
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

In the new space age after the end of the Cold War, orbit and frequency allocations, traffic control, safety, and a number of support services such as space weather forecast and orbital debris monitoring need to be coordinated transparently and effectively by clear rules at an international level. The establishment of an international civil space regulatory framework is the central theme of this book, in particular, the possible extension to space of the international regulatory framework model adopted for aviation more than 60 years ago with the establishment of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).

The book also highlights the increased reliance of aviation safety on space-based navigation and communication systems, the increasing space systems traffic through the international airspace under the jurisdiction of the ICAO, and the emerging hybrid systems such as aero-spacecraft and space planes, to advocate the practical benefits of directly expanding the ICAO Convention domain beyond the airspace to include outer space up to the geosynchronous orbit.

	Title Page	3
	Copyright Page	4
	Table of Contents	5
	Foreword	9
	Executive summary	11
	Findings	12
	Conclusions	13
	Acknowledgements	15
	List of acronyms	17
	List of figures and tables	19
	Introduction	21
	CHAPTER 1 BACKGROUND	25
	1.1 Need for international safety regulations for commercial space activities	26
	1.1.1 Introduction	26
	1.1.2 Widening access to space and its economic significance	27
	1.1.2.1 Military in Space	29
	1.1.2.2 Rise of international commercial space sector	30
	1.1.2.3 Commercial Space Transportation	31
	1.1.2.4 Commercial human spaceflight: emerging new sub-sector of space industry	33
	1.1.2.5 Satellite navigation systems	35
	1.1.3 Safety Risk of Space Missions	35
	1.1.4 Challenges for regulatory regimes and bodies	37
	1.1.4.1 Aerospace vehicles	37
	1.1.4.2 Space debris	38
	1.1.4.3 Military and civil/commercial space operations	39
	CHAPTER 2 LEGAL AND REGULATORY REGIMES	41
	2.1 Current space regulations and standards	42
	2.1.1 Legal and regulatory framework	42
	2.1.1.1 National organizations	42
	2.1.1.1.1 United States Governmental Agencies	42
	National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)	42
	Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)	43
	U.S. Department of Defence (DOD)	44
	2.1.1.1.2 Non-governmental organizations in the United States	44
	Centre for Space Standards and Innovation (CSSI)	44
	American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA)	44
	2.1.1.1.3 Canada	45
	2.1.1.1.4 France	45
	2.1.1.1.5 United Kingdom	48
	2.1.1.1.6 Russian Federation 22	48
	2.1.1.1.7 Ukraine	49
	2.1.1.2 International cooperation	50
	2.1.1.2.1 Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC)	50
	2.1.1.2.2 United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS)	51
	2.1.1.2.3 Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS)	52
	2.1.1.2.4 European union: proposed code of conduct for outer space activities	53
	2.1.2 Existing International Space Safety Standards	54
	2.1.2.1 European Space Safety Standards	54
	2.1.2.2 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Standards 40	57
	2.2 Existing international civil regulatory frameworks, other activities or environments	60
	2.2.1 International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)41	61
	2.2.2 International Telecommunication Union (ITU)51	64
	2.2.3 International Maritime Organization (IMO)56	66
	2.2.4 Other sources of international law	67
	2.3 Transition from air law and space law to aerospace law	70
	2.3.1 Introduction	70
	2.3.2 Space law conventions	71
	2.3.3 Boundary between airspace and outer space	74
	2.3.3.1 Spatialist approach: precisely, where is it?	75
	2.3.3.1.1 Territorial airspace	76
	2.3.3.1.2 Airspace above the high seas	77
	2.3.3.1.3 Outer space	77
	2.3.3.1.4 Problems with the spatialist approach	78
	2.3.3.2 Functionalist approach: precisely, what is it?	79
	2.3.3.2.1 Aircraft	79
	2.3.3.2.2 Space objects	81
	2.3.3.2.3 Aerospace vehicles	81
	2.3.3.2.4 Problems with the functionalist approach	81
	2.3.4 Need for a unified legal regime	82
	CHAPTER 3 SAFETY ISSUES	90
	3.1 Safety issues	91
	3.1.1 Launch site processing and ground safety	91
	3.1.2 Flight hardware, ground support equipment, and COTS	92
	3.2 Launch safety	94
	3.3 Suborbital safety	99
	3.4 Orbital safety issues	102
	3.4.1 Orbital debris	102
	3.4.2 Collision risk with orbital debris	104
	3.4.3 Collision risk to human spaceflight	105
	3.4.4 Orbital debris ground risk	107
	3.5 Returning vehicles risk	111
	3.5.1 Risk to people on the ground	111
	3.5.2 Risk to people in aircraft	113
	3.6 Saving lives in space missions	116
	3.6.1 Extending international search and rescue	116
	3.6.2 Ascent emergencies	116
	3.6.3 Orbital safety and rescue	117
	3.6.4 Ionizing radiation risk for human spaceflight	119
	CHAPTER 4 NEED FOR INTERNATIONAL SPACE SAFETY REGULATIONS	120
	4.1 Need for international regulation of STM, space tourism	120
	121	120
	4.1.1 Commonality or un-commonality of ground standards	121
	4.1.2 Comprehensive regulatory approach to space traffic management	122
	4.1.2.1 Legal basis for potential STM regime	124
	4.1.2.2 Comparable traffic management regime	127
	4.1.2.3 Other considerations for setting up an STM system	128
	4.1.3 International regulation of aerospace vehicles for space tourism	129
	4.1.4 International regulation of orbital debris	131
	CHAPTER 5 PROPOSAL FOR A NEW REGULATORY REGIME	134
	5.1 ICAO for near-space safety?	135
	5.1.1 Background	135
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