| Contents | 6 |
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| Acknowledgements | 12 |
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| 1 Introduction | 14 |
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| 2 Compounds, stress and prominence: concepts and issues | 18 |
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| 2.1 What is a compound? | 18 |
| 2.2 Prominence patterns in compounds | 21 |
| 2.3 Prominence in the autosegmental-metrical framework | 24 |
| 3 The corpus | 29 |
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| 4 Perception of compound prominence patterns | 33 |
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| 4.1 Introduction | 33 |
| 4.2 Pretest | 36 |
| 4.3 Method | 38 |
| 4.3.1 Participants | 38 |
| 4.3.2 Stimuli | 39 |
| 4.3.3 Procedure | 39 |
| 4.4 Results | 41 |
| 4.4.1 Overall results | 42 |
| 4.4.2 Intrarater reliability | 44 |
| 4.4.3 Perception ratings by items | 53 |
| 4.4.4 Summary of results | 61 |
| 4.5 Discussion | 61 |
| 5 Acoustic correlates of compound prominence | 70 |
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| 5.1 Previous research | 72 |
| 5.1.1 Pitch and fundamental frequency | 73 |
| 5.1.2 Loudness, intensity and spectral balance | 77 |
| 5.1.3 Duration | 80 |
| 5.1.4 Non-modal phonation | 82 |
| 5.1.5 Summary and research questions | 83 |
| 5.2 Material and measurements | 85 |
| 5.2.1 Pitch measurements | 87 |
| 5.2.2 Duration | 91 |
| 5.2.3 Intensity | 91 |
| 5.2.4 Spectral balance | 92 |
| 5.2.5 Non-modal phonation | 92 |
| 5.3 Procedure | 95 |
| 5.4 Results | 98 |
| 5.5 Discussion | 106 |
| 6 Classification and prediction of compound prominence patterns | 113 |
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| 6.1 Data | 114 |
| 6.1.1 Automatic measurement procedure and evaluation | 115 |
| 6.1.2 Vowel-intrinsic properties | 118 |
| 6.1.3 Summary of acoustic measurements | 120 |
| 6.2 Prediction of median prominence ratings | 121 |
| 6.2.1 Predictors in the regression analysis | 121 |
| 6.2.2 Regression analysis | 125 |
| 6.2.3 Predictions for the Boston corpus | 134 |
| 6.3 Classification of the Boston corpus | 138 |
| 6.3.1 Training set | 140 |
| 6.3.2 Model application and evaluation | 143 |
| 7 What determines compound prominence patterns? | 146 |
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| 7.1 Methodology | 147 |
| 7.2 Hypothesis testing with unbalanced data | 150 |
| 7.3 The structural hypothesis | 152 |
| 7.4 The semantic hypothesis | 164 |
| 7.5 Structural and semantic hypotheses combined | 171 |
| 7.6 Analogical effects | 174 |
| 7.7 General discussion | 182 |
| 8 Within- and across-speaker variation | 187 |
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| 8.1 Methodology | 189 |
| 8.2 Within-speaker variability | 193 |
| 8.2.1 Data | 193 |
| 8.2.2 Results | 194 |
| 8.2.3 Discussion | 198 |
| 8.3 Across-speaker variability | 201 |
| 8.3.1 Data | 204 |
| 8.3.2 Results | 205 |
| 8.3.3 Discussion | 210 |
| 8.4 General discussion | 213 |
| 9 Conclusion | 215 |
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| A Introduction to linear regression and mixed-effects models | 220 |
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| B NOUN + NOUN compounds used in the variability study | 223 |
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| References | 226 |