| Preface | 6 |
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| Table of contents | 8 |
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| Abbreviations | 19 |
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| Grammatical glosses | 19 |
| Lexical categories | 20 |
| Language, dialect and language family names | 20 |
| Chapter 1 Introduction | 22 |
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| 1.1. Language, location, and speakers | 22 |
| 1.2. Language affiliation and history | 29 |
| 1.3. Previous work | 35 |
| 1.4. Current language situation | 36 |
| 1.5. Data | 40 |
| 1.6. Typological profile | 41 |
| Chapter 2 Phonology | 43 |
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| 2.1. Introduction | 43 |
| 2.2. Syllable structure and stress | 43 |
| 2.3. Vowels | 44 |
| 2.4. Consonants | 55 |
| 2.5. Further phonological alternations | 66 |
| 2.6. Orthography | 68 |
| 2.7. Word division and the representation of examples | 70 |
| Chapter 3 Word classes | 72 |
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| 3.1. Introduction | 72 |
| 3.2. Nouns | 73 |
| 3.3. Verbs | 78 |
| 3.4. Adjectives | 99 |
| 3.5. Adverbs | 100 |
| 3.6. Pronouns | 100 |
| 3.7. Prepositions | 101 |
| 3.8. Demonstratives | 101 |
| 3.9. Articles | 101 |
| 3.10. Quantifiers | 102 |
| 3.11. Conjunctions | 102 |
| 3.12. The subjunction o | 102 |
| 3.13. The complementizer po | 103 |
| 3.14. The personal marker a | 103 |
| 3.15. Interjections | 103 |
| 3.16. Particles | 104 |
| Chapter 4 Reduplication | 106 |
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| 4.1. Introduction | 106 |
| 4.2. Partial reduplication | 108 |
| 4.3. Full reduplication | 111 |
| 4.4. Functions of reduplication | 112 |
| Chapter 5 Deictics | 118 |
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| 5.1. Introduction | 118 |
| 5.2. Pronouns | 119 |
| 5.3. Demonstratives | 142 |
| 5.4. Directionals | 154 |
| Chapter 6 Nominal morphology | 166 |
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| 6.1. Introduction | 166 |
| 6.2. Inflection and derivation | 166 |
| 6.3. Compound nouns and complex noun-phrase nuclei | 172 |
| Chapter 7 Noun phrase structure | 179 |
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| 7.1. Overview of noun phrase structure | 179 |
| 7.2. Heads of noun phrases | 179 |
| 7.3. Prenuclear elements | 181 |
| 7.4. Postnuclear elements | 204 |
| 7.5. Nominalized clauses | 210 |
| Chapter 8 Verbal morphology | 217 |
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| 8.1. Inflectional morphology | 217 |
| 8.2. Derivational morphology | 218 |
| Chapter 9 Verb phrase structure | 249 |
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| 9.1. Introduction | 249 |
| 9.2. Prenuclear elements | 251 |
| 9.3. Nuclear elements | 252 |
| 9.4. Adverbial modifiers | 264 |
| 9.5. Postverbal particles | 266 |
| 9.6. Post-VP modifiers | 270 |
| Chapter 10 Prepositions | 272 |
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| 10.1. Introduction | 272 |
| 10.2. Spatial prepositions | 272 |
| 10.3. Possessive prepositions | 275 |
| 10.4. Benefactive prepositions | 276 |
| 10.5. Comitative prepositions | 278 |
| 10.6. Role-marking prepositions | 279 |
| 10.7. Prepositional phrases | 287 |
| Chapter 11 Modifiers | 289 |
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| 11.1. Introduction | 289 |
| 11.2. Adjectives | 289 |
| 11.3. Modifying particles | 290 |
| 11.4. Adverbs | 298 |
| 11.5. Adverbial phrases | 305 |
| Chapter 12 Tense, aspect, and mood | 312 |
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| 12.1. Introduction | 312 |
| 12.2. Mainly aspectual markers | 313 |
| 12.3. Mainly temporal markers | 318 |
| 12.4. Mainly modal markers | 320 |
| 12.5. The transitive suffix -i | 324 |
| 12.6. Combinations of TAM particles | 326 |
| 12.7. Other expressions of aspect | 328 |
| Chapter 13 Simple clauses | 331 |
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| 13.1. Introduction | 331 |
| 13.2. Grammatical relations and word order | 331 |
| 13.3. Different clause types | 338 |
| 13.4. Dislocated topics | 352 |
| Chapter 14 Complex clauses | 356 |
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| 14.1. Introduction | 356 |
| 14.2. Complement clauses | 356 |
| 14.3. Relative clauses | 369 |
| 14.4. Adverbial clauses | 375 |
| Chapter 15 Serial verbs and related constructions | 393 |
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| 15.1. Introduction | 393 |
| 15.2. Head-modifier (nuclear-layer) serialization | 395 |
| 15.3. Complex-event constructions | 396 |
| 15.4. Motion + purpose constructions | 397 |
| 15.5. Core-layer serialization | 399 |
| Chapter 16 Negation and questions | 406 |
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| 16.1. Introduction | 406 |
| 16.2. Negation | 406 |
| 16.3. Questions | 419 |
| Chapter 17 Coordination and conjunctions | 431 |
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| 17.1. Introduction | 431 |
| 17.2. Phrasal coordination | 432 |
| 17.3. Sentential coordination | 437 |
| 17.4. Adverbial conjunctions | 446 |
| Chapter 18 Discourse organization | 453 |
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| 18.1. Introduction | 453 |
| 18.2. Demonstratives in discourse | 453 |
| 18.3. Tail-head linkage | 469 |
| 18.4. Discourse-linkage verbs | 472 |
| 18.5. Discourse particles | 476 |
| Appendix 1 Texts | 482 |
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| Vaeakau: Our culture and language | 482 |
| Nupani: A story about a fight on Tinakula | 496 |
| Taumako: A story of Papa in the Duff Islands | 504 |
| Matema: Mala hekai – ‘cruel garden’ | 515 |
| Appendix 2 List of grammatical morphemes | 521 |
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| References | 524 |
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| Index | 534 |