| Foreword | 8 |
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| Acknowledgments | 11 |
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| Abbreviations | 18 |
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| 1 Introduction: Indigenous Identity in Africa | 20 |
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| 1.1…Roy Sesana, the Basarwa and Central Kalahari Game Reserve Case | 20 |
| 1.2…Researching Indigenous Rights in Africa | 25 |
| 1.3…Research Approach and Scope | 29 |
| References | 31 |
| Part I Indigenous Claims in Africa Under Global Perspective | 33 |
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| 2 Overview of Narratives on Indigenousness | 35 |
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| 2.1…Introduction | 35 |
| 2.2…‘Indigenous’ Claims and Labels Under Historical Perspective | 36 |
| 2.2.1 Notion | 36 |
| 2.2.2 Some Figures on the Global Indigenous Population | 37 |
| 2.2.3 Indigenousness as a Dynamic Concept | 38 |
| 2.2.3.1 The Importance of the Martinez Cobo Reports in Conceptualization of Indigenousness | 38 |
| 2.2.3.2 Insight into Historical Perception and Usage of the ‘Indigenous’ Attribute | 42 |
| The Genesis of International Indigenism | 42 |
| Challenges of Conceptualizing indigenousness Beyond the Americas and Australasia | 44 |
| 2.2.3.3 Post-Martinez Cobo Reconceptualization of Indigenousness | 46 |
| 2.3…Indigenousness and Related Concepts | 52 |
| 2.3.1 Revisiting the Differentiation between Indigenousness and Minority Status | 52 |
| 2.3.2 Indigenousness, Multiculturalism and Other Forms of Cultural Relativism | 55 |
| 2.4…Disciplinary and Ideological Perspective on Indigenous Peoples’ Rights | 58 |
| 2.4.1 Re-thinking Differences Under Various Disciplines | 58 |
| 2.4.2 Human Security and Victimological Insights in Discourses on Indigenous Rights | 60 |
| 2.4.3 Indigenousness and the ‘Individual Versus Group Rights’ Debate | 64 |
| 2.5…Concluding Remarks | 66 |
| References | 67 |
| 3 Contextual Application of Indigenousness in Africa | 73 |
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| 3.1…Introduction | 73 |
| 3.2…The Rise of Indigenous Claims and Activism in Africa | 74 |
| 3.3…Situational Characteristics of Claimant Groups | 80 |
| 3.3.1 Multiethnic Composition of African States | 81 |
| 3.3.2 General Characteristics of Claimant Indigenous Groups | 84 |
| 3.3.2.1 Hunter-Gatherers | 85 |
| 3.3.2.2 Indigenization of Pastoralists | 89 |
| 3.3.2.3 Small-Scale Farmers and Challenges of Subjective Identification | 98 |
| 3.4…Indigenous Peoples or Marginalized Minorities? | 100 |
| 3.4.1 Heated Discourses over Identity Claims in Africa | 100 |
| 3.4.2 Minority, Indigenous, Local Communities or Threatened Peoples ? | 102 |
| 3.4.2.1 Political Strategies or Immutable Identities? | 102 |
| 3.4.2.2 Indigenous Basters and Boers? | 106 |
| 3.5…Constitutionalizing Indigenousness in African Nation-States | 111 |
| 3.5.1 Constitutional accomodation of National Cultural Diversity | 111 |
| 3.5.2 Equivocal Status of Indigenous Claims in Some Constitutional Orders | 116 |
| 3.5.2.1 Limited Forms of Recognition | 116 |
| 3.5.2.2 Indigenousness and Transnational Identities | 121 |
| 3.6…Conclusion | 123 |
| References | 127 |
| Part II International and Regional Legal Position of Claimant African Indigenous Peoples | 135 |
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| 4 International Legal Framework and Indigenous Claims in Africa | 137 |
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| 4.1…Introduction | 137 |
| 4.2…Normative Protection of Indigenous Peoples Under International Instruments | 138 |
| 4.2.1 General Instruments and Indigenous Peoples | 138 |
| 4.2.1.1 Non-Discrimination, Right to Equality and Indigenous Peoples | 139 |
| 4.2.1.2 Self-Determination and Applicability of Article 27 of the ICCPR to Indigenous Peoples | 143 |
| Minority Provisions and Indigenous Peoples | 143 |
| Self-Determination of Claimant African Indigenous Peoples | 147 |
| Control of Lands, Territories and Resources | 159 |
| 4.2.2 Specific International Legal Protection of Indigenous Peoples | 161 |
| 4.2.2.1 The ILO Conventions on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples | 161 |
| 4.2.2.2 The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples | 162 |
| 4.3…International Institutional Involvement in Indigenous Matters | 170 |
| 4.3.1 Indigenous Peoples’ Rights, Development and international institutions: Convergence or Divergence? | 170 |
| 4.3.2 Institutional Role of the United Nations’ WGIP, PFII and Special Rapporteur in Furthering Indigenous Rights in Africa | 175 |
| 4.4…Appraisal of Legal and Institutional Developments on the Protection of Indigenous Peoples | 179 |
| References | 180 |
| 5 Indigenous Claims and Rights Under African Regional Institutions | 187 |
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| 5.1…Introduction | 187 |
| 5.2…Indigenousness and African Political Institutions | 187 |
| 5.2.1 Challenges of Recognition of Diverse Identities by African Regional Bodies | 188 |
| 5.2.2 Progressive Accommodation of Cultural Diversity by Regional Bodies | 193 |
| 5.2.2.1 The Cultural Charter for Africa | 193 |
| 5.2.2.2 The African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources | 195 |
| 5.2.2.3 The New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) and Related Processes | 196 |
| 5.2.2.4 African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child | 201 |
| 5.2.2.5 African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance | 202 |
| 5.2.2.6 African Model Law for the Protection of the Rights of Local Communities, Farmers and Breeders, and for the Regulation of Access to Biological Resources | 203 |
| 5.3…Accommodation for Indigenous Peoples’ Within the African Charter System | 205 |
| 5.3.1 The African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights | 205 |
| 5.3.2 African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights | 206 |
| 5.3.3 A Human and Peoples’ Rights Court for Africa | 207 |
| 5.3.4 Peoples’ Rights Provisions of the African Charter | 209 |
| 5.3.5 Relevant Jurisprudence and Practice of the ACHPR | 211 |
| 5.3.6 The Working Group of Experts on Indigenous Populations/Communities | 222 |
| 5.4…Conclusion | 225 |
| References | 227 |
| Part III Indigenousness in Africa Under Selected Cases | 231 |
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| 6 Twa Marginality and Indigenousness in Rwanda | 233 |
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| 6.1…Historical Perspective on Twa Marginality | 233 |
| 6.1.1 The Twas as the Indigenous of Rwanda and Tropical Africa | 234 |
| 6.1.2 Twas Under Revisited Historical, Anthropological and Ar
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