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Motivation and Punishment of Referees in non-professional Football. An Analysis of existing Problems and the Development of Solution Strategies with particular Regard to the Princi

:	Michael Negri
:	Motivation and Punishment of Referees in non-professional Football. An Analysis of existing Problems and the Development of Solution Strategies with particular Regard to the Princi
:	Diplomica Verlag GmbH
:	9783842802247
:	1
:	CHF 40.10
:

:	Angewandte Psychologie
:	English

:	136
:	kein Kopierschutz/DRM
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

Making people act the way oneself wishes is a challenging task in private and professional life. Scientific literature proposes two basic approaches to make people comply with one´s interests in this context. One way is to foster the persons´ intrinsic motivation or to offer extrinsic rewards. The other method is to punish misbehaviour by removing something pleasant or presenting something aversive to a person. Regardless which approach is chosen, the measures taken have to be oriented towards the persons’ characters and the existing circumstances to be effective.
This work answers the question of how problems resulting from a constellation in which someone acts on behalf of another person can be reduced or even solved. This type of interaction between two parties is referred to as ´Principal-Agent Theory´ in literature and represents the theoretical basis of the work.
As a practical example, the case of football referees in the district of Guetersloh, Germany, is consulted. In order to back up the findings from the Principal-Agent Theory, an empirical analysis delivers further solution mechanisms. Basing on this case, the author shows which motivational aspects influence human behaviour and provides practical recommendations to make people act in accordance with one’s own interests. In this regard, the role of punishment is also evaluated and it is shown how this form of negative enforcement has to be set up to be effective.
The work therefore offers guidance and tools for people who have to manage others and helps to understand why people act the way they do.

	Motivation and Punishment of Referees in non-professional Football	1
	Table of Contents	3
	1 Introduction	5
	2 Problem and Methodology	7
	2.1 Problem Definition and Relevance	7
	2.2 Research Methods	9
	3 Key Terms: Punishment and Motivation	10
	3.1 Motivation	10
	3.2 Punishment	11
	4 Theoretical Background	11
	4.1 The Principal-Agent Theory	12
	4.2 The Deterrence Hypothesis	17
	4.3 Motivation and Punishment in Scientific Literature	21
	5 Referees in non-professional football – The District of Guetersloh	25
	5.1 Facts and Figures	25
	5.2 Organization	29
	5.2.1 Structures	29
	5.2.2 The Referee Constitution	30
	5.2.3 Recruitment Process	30
	5.2.4 Monthly Meetings and Annual Test	32
	5.2.5 Referee Assignment Process	33
	5.2.6 Remuneration	34
	5.2.7 Promotion/Relegation	36
	5.3 Display of the Problems	38
	5.4 Hypotheses	39
	5.4.1 Motivational Issues	39
	5.4.2 Punishment/Fines	39
	5.5 The Questionnaire Study	40
	5.6 Results from the Questionnaire Study	42
	5.6.1 Motivation	42
	5.6.2 Monthly Meeting	43
	5.6.3 Annual Test	44
	5.6.4 Punishment and Fines	45
	5.6.5 Coaching	46
	5.6.6 Bribery / Game Manipulation	46
	6 Case Solution	47
	6.1 Missing Quantity of Referees	47
	6.2 Missing Quality of Referee Aspirants	49
	6.3 Unreliability of active Referees	53
	6.4 Bribery and Game Manipulation	61
	6.5 Motivation	62
	6.5.1 Application of the Needs Hierarchy	63
	6.5.2 Application of the Expectancy Theory	65
	6.6 The Effectiveness of Punishment	68
	6.6.1 Application of the Deterrence Hypothesis	68
	6.6.2 Empirical Evidence	76
	7 Critical Valuation	77
	7.1 Assessment of the applied Theories	77
	7.1.1 The Principal-Agent Theory	77
	7.1.2 The Needs Hierarchy	79
	7.1.3 The Expectancy Theory	79
	7.1.4 The Deterrence Hypothesis	81
	7.2 Assessment of the Empirical Study	83
	8 Conclusion and Outlook	84
	Bibliography	86
	Appendix	91
	List of Abbreviations	134
	List of Figures	135