| Content | 6 |
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| Foreword | 8 |
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| References | 11 |
| Introduction | 12 |
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| References | 15 |
| Islam and Education in Spain | 16 |
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| 1. Introduction | 16 |
| 2. A brief overview of the history of Islam and Muslims in Spain | 16 |
| 3. Empirical findings for IRE | 26 |
| 4. Teaching Islam in school: pedagogical reflections | 38 |
| 5. Concluding remarks | 48 |
| References | 49 |
| Acronyms used | 51 |
| Islam within the Framework of “Laïcité” | 52 |
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| 1. Introduction | 52 |
| 2. A brief overview of Islam and Muslims in France | 52 |
| 3. Empirical findings related to Muslims teenagers | 57 |
| 4. Teaching Islam at school: pedagogical remarks | 62 |
| 5. Conclusion | 68 |
| References | 68 |
| Islam in Education in the Netherlands | 70 |
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| 1. Introduction | 70 |
| 2. The perception of Islam in the Netherlands | 71 |
| 3. Islam and the Dutch educational system | 76 |
| 4. Islamic schools | 82 |
| 5. Discussion and conclusions | 90 |
| References | 91 |
| A Qualitative Narrative of the Transition from Independent to Voluntary Aided Status | 96 |
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| 1. The context of England and Wales | 97 |
| 2. The rationale behind Muslim schools: a theological understanding of Islam | 97 |
| 3. Introducing School A: origins of the school | 98 |
| 4. Nasira’s background and role in School A | 99 |
| 5. Background of intake at School A | 100 |
| 6. Positioning Muslim schools in the independent sector: an empirical context | 101 |
| 7. Changing nature of School A’s resources over time | 102 |
| 8. Specific vales at School A | 103 |
| 9. Ethos of the school over time | 105 |
| 10. Voluntary aided status in action: the national curriculum | 106 |
| 11. Voluntary aided status in action: Islamicising the curriculum | 107 |
| 12. Learning practices by example | 108 |
| 13. Language in everyday school life and appointing Non- Muslim staff | 109 |
| 14. Final experiences at School A | 111 |
| 15. Conclusion: what does the term ‘Muslim school’ really refer to? | 112 |
| References | 113 |
| Emancipation or Disengagement? Islamic Schools in Britain and the Netherlands | 114 |
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| 1. Introduction | 114 |
| 2. Islamic schools and educating Muslim children in England and the Netherlands | 115 |
| 3. Islamic schools, the national curriculum and the “ Islamisation project” | 118 |
| 4. Religious instruction and the creation of an “Islamic ethos” | 120 |
| 5. Islamic schools, democratic citizenship and social cohesion | 122 |
| 6. Conclusions | 125 |
| References | 129 |
| Muslim Students Views on Religion and Education | 132 |
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| 1. Introduction | 132 |
| 2. Personal views and experiences with religion | 133 |
| 3. Religion in school | 142 |
| 4. Impact of religion in society in the views of students | 150 |
| 5. Summary and conclusions | 154 |
| References | 157 |
| List of authors | 160 |