| Nuclear CommerceIts Control Regime and the Non-Proliferation Treaty | 1 |
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| TABLE OF CONTENTS | 3 |
| TABLE OF ILLUSTRATIONS | 6 |
| LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS | 7 |
| PREFACE | 8 |
| 1 INTRODUCTION | 10 |
| 1.1 General Situation – Mankind’s Capacity to build | 10 |
| 1.2 Hypotheses | 10 |
| 12 | 10 |
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| 1.2.1 Problem statement | 12 |
| 1.2.2 Hypotheses | 12 |
| 1.2.3 Methodology | 13 |
| 1.2.4 Basic structural aspects | 14 |
| 2 THE NUCLEAR UNIVERSE AND ITS GENESIS | 15 |
| 2.1 Nuclear energy production | 15 |
| 2.1.1 Nuclear Fission technology | 16 |
| 2.1.2 Nuclear inconveniences | 18 |
| 2.1.3 Nuclear Fusion technology | 19 |
| 2.2 Nuclear power in the energy mix | 20 |
| 2.3 Military applications of nuclear technology | 22 |
| 2.3.1 Nuclear disarmament | 23 |
| 2.3.2 National security interests | 23 |
| 25 | 23 |
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| 3 NUCLEAR COMMERCE AND ITS MARKET | 27 |
| 3.1 Nuclear economics | 28 |
| 3.1.1 Nuclear energy’s attractiveness | 30 |
| 3.1.2 A profit and loss account | 31 |
| 3.2 The nuclear fuel-cycle and its market | 42 |
| 3.2.1 The nuclear commodity market | 44 |
| 3.2.2 The nuclear technology market | 49 |
| 3.2.3 The nuclear operating sector | 55 |
| 3.3 Signs of a nuclear renaissance | 57 |
| 3.3.1 The Global Nuclear Energy Partnership | 58 |
| 3.3.2 The US-India deal | 59 |
| 3.3.3 Russian | 59 |
| 61 | 59 |
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| 3.3.4 The EU energy strategy | 62 |
| 4 THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK BEHIND THE NUCLEAR WORLD | 65 |
| 4.1 Raison d’être of specialized legislation | 65 |
| 4.2 The International Atomic Energy Agency | 66 |
| 4.2.1 The Atoms for Peace speech | 67 |
| 4.2.2 The three main pillars of nuclear co-operation | 69 |
| 4.2.3 The Safeguards and Verification process | 71 |
| 4.2.4 Promoting safety and security | 72 |
| 4.2.5 Promoting science and technology | 72 |
| 4.2.6 The IAEA and the United Nations | 73 |
| 4.3 The Non-Proliferation Treaty and its regional daughters | 74 |
| 4.3.1 The NPT’s main provisions | 75 |
| 4.3.2 The NPT after its formation | 77 |
| 4.3.3 The Additional Protocol | 78 |
| 4.3.4 The NPT review conference mechanism | 80 |
| 4.3.5 The Nuclear Weapon Free Zones - the NPT’s regional daughters | 81 |
| 4.4 Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaties | 83 |
| 4.4.1 The Limited | 83 |
| 83 | 83 |
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| 4.4.2 The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty | 84 |
| 4.5 The Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty | 87 |
| 4.5.1 Key Issues | 87 |
| 4.5.2 The way forward | 88 |
| 4.6 Other Treaties | 88 |
| 5 THE NUCLEAR COMMERCE REGIME | 90 |
| 5.1 The NPT’s contradicting provisions | 92 |
| 5.2 Nuclear export control regimes | 92 |
| 93 | 92 |
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| 5.2.1 The Zangger Committee | 95 |
| 5.2.2 The Nuclear Suppliers Group | 97 |
| 5.2.3 UN Security Council Resolution 1540 | 101 |
| 5.2.4 The NPT Additional Protocol | 103 |
| 5.2.5 The Enhanced Proliferation Control Initiative | 104 |
| 5.2.6 Overview of existing export control measures | 105 |
| 5.3 Recent efforts | 107 |
| 5.3.1 Export regimes and transparency | 107 |
| 5.3.2 Co-operation | 109 |
| 5.4 Export controls in practice – 9 key elements | 110 |
| 5.5 The Future of Nuclear Export Controls | 112 |
| 5.5.1 Chinese efforts as a new approach | 114 |
| 5.5.2 UNSCR 1540 developments | 115 |
| 5.5.3 A multilateral non-proliferation convention | 116 |
| 6 CONCLUSION | 118 |
| LIST OF REFERENCES | 125 |