| CONTENTS | 9 |
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| 1 INTRODUCTION | 14 |
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| 2 THERMODYNAMICS OF LIQUID SURFACES | 18 |
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| 2.1. SURFACE THERMODYNAMICS OF LIQUIDS | 18 |
| 2.2. SURFACE FREE ENERGY (SURFACE TENSION) OF LIQUIDS | 19 |
| 2.3. GIBBS ADSORPTION THEORY AT LIQUID INTERFACES | 30 |
| 2.4. SURFACE TENSION, INTERFACIAL TENSION, AND SURFACE PRESSURE | 34 |
| 2.5. ADSORPTION OF IONS AT LIQUID INTERFACES | 34 |
| 2.7. DIVERSE SURFACE PROPERTIES OF FILMS AT LIQUID SURFACES | 37 |
| 3 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS AND PROCEDURES FOR SELF-ASSEMBLY MONOLAYERS | 41 |
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| 3.1. FORMATION OF SAMs AT LIQUID INTERFACES | 41 |
| 3.2. STATES OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL MONOLAYER FILMS | 51 |
| 3.3. DIFFERENT MONOLAYER SPREADING METHODS | 58 |
| 3.4. PHASE TRANSITIONS IN INSOLUBLE MONOLAYERS | 59 |
| 3.5. SURFACE POTENTIAL MEASUREMENTS | 59 |
| 3.6. SURFACE VISCOSITY OF SAMs AT LIQUID INTERFACES | 61 |
| 3.7. RETARDATION OF SURFACE EVAPORATION RATES BY | 64 |
| 3.8. CALMING OF WAVES BY SPREAD MONOLAYERS | 64 |
| 3.9. MONOLAYERS, BILAYERS, AND VESICLES | 64 |
| 3.10. SAM STRUCTURES ON SOLID SURFACES | 67 |
| 3.11. ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AND ELECTRON DIFFRACTION OF MONOLAYERS ON SOLID SURFACES | 67 |
| 3.12. SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPY AND ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY | 68 |
| 3.13. METHODS OF PREPARATION OF SAMs ON SOLID SURFACES | 83 |
| 4 LIPID MONOLAYERS AT LIQUID INTERFACES | 84 |
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| 4.1. STRUCTURE OF LIPIDS | 84 |
| 4.2. THERMODYNAMICS OF LIPID MONOLAYERS AT LIQUID INTERFACES | 90 |
| 4.3. PHOSPHOLIPID POLYMORPHISM | 100 |
| 4.4. LIPID MONOLAYERS AT THE OIL–WATER INTERFACE | 102 |
| 4.5. CHARGED LIPID MONOLAYERS AT INTERFACES | 104 |
| 4.6. PHASE RULE (IN TWO DIMENSIONS) IN MONOLAYERS | 112 |
| 4.7. LIPID-PHASE TRANSITION IN MONOLAYERS, BILAYERS, AND MEMBRANES | 113 |
| 4.8. COMPARISON OF DATA ON PHASE TRANSITION BY DIFFERENT MONOLAYER SPREADING METHODS | 120 |
| 4.9. THEORETICAL MODELS FOR TWO-DIMENSIONAL PHASE TRANSITION | 132 |
| 4.10. DOMAIN PATTERNS IN MONOMOLECULAR FILM ASSEMBLIES | 133 |
| 4.11. MIXED MONOLAYERS AT LIQUID INTERFACES | 136 |
| 4.12. REACTIONS IN MONOLAYERS AT LIQUID INTERFACES | 149 |
| 4.13. EFFECT OF LIPID MONOLAYERS ON WATER EVAPORATION RATES | 152 |
| 4.15. SURFACE VISCOSITY OF LIPID FILMS AT LIQUID SURFACES | 165 |
| 4.16. MONOLAYERS OF COMPLEX MOLECULES | 172 |
| 4.17. LATERAL DIFFUSION IN LIPID MONOLAYERS | 179 |
| 5 SAMs OF MACROMOLECULES (BIOPOLYMERS AND SYNTHETIC POLYMERS) AT LIQUID INTERFACES | 181 |
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| 5.1. HYDROPHOBIC EFFECT (OR FORCES OR INTERACTIONS) | 182 |
| 5.2. PROTEIN MONOLAYERS AT LIQUID INTERFACES | 186 |
| 5.3. MONOLAYERS OF SYNTHETIC POLYAMINO ACIDS | 204 |
| 5.4. EQUATION OF STATE FOR TWO-DIMENSIONAL MONOLAYERS OF BIOPOLYMERS AND SYNTHETIC POLYMERS | 209 |
| 5.5. CHARGED POLYMER MONOLAYERS AT LIQUID INTERFACES | 216 |
| 5.6. DETERMINATION OF MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF POLYMERS (BIOPOLYMERS) FROM MONOLAYER STUDIES | 225 |
| 5.7. OTHER PROPERTIES OF BIOPOLYMER SAMs | 226 |
| 5.8. ENZYME ACTIVITY IN MONOLAYERS AT LIQUID INTERFACES | 228 |
| 5.9. POLYMER–SOLUTE INTERACTIONS IN MONOLAYERS | 231 |
| 5.10. BIOPOLYMER SAM STRUCTURES AT INTERFACES BY STM AND AFM | 232 |
| 6 KINETICS OF ADSORPTION AND DESORPTION AT LIQUID INTERFACES | 242 |
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| 6.1. THEORY OF ADSORPTION KINETICS AT INTERFACES | 242 |
| 6.2. DESORPTION KINETICS OF LIPID MONOLAYERS | 250 |
| 7 LIPID–PROTEIN MONOLAYERS (MODEL MEMBRANE SYSTEM: VIRUS–CELL FUSION) | 253 |
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| 7.1. LIPID–PROTEIN MONOLAYERS AND CELL MEMBRANE | 254 |
| 7.2. DETERMINATION OF VAN DER WAALS FORCES IN | 264 |
| 7.3. SAMs OF LUNG SURFACTANTS | 266 |
| 7.4. CANCER AND INTERFACIAL INTERACTIONS AT CELL SURFACES | 270 |
| 7.5. DIVERSE MIXED MONOLAYERS | 271 |
| 7.6. MIXED VIRUS–CELL OR FUSION PEPTIDE–CELL MONOLAYERS | 271 |
| 8 SAMs OF MEMBRANE PROTEINS | 276 |
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| 8.1. MELITTIN MONOLAYERS AT LIQUID INTERFACES | 277 |
| 8.2. DISCRETE-CHARGE BEHAVIOR OF MEMBRANE PROTEIN MONOLAYERS | 282 |
| 8.3. GRAMICIDIN MONOLAYERS | 302 |
| 8.4. TRINACTIN MONOLAYERS | 305 |
| 8.5. SAMs OF IONOPHORES | 306 |
| 8.6. LIPID–MEMBRANE PROTEIN MONOLAYERS | 308 |
| 8.7. GENERATION OF MEMBRANE STRUCTURE DURING EVOLUTION | 312 |
| 9 ADSORPTION OF MONOLAYERS ON SOLIDS | 314 |
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| 9.1. LANGMUIR–BLODGETT FILMS | 315 |
| 9.2. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LB FILM SELF-ASSEMBLIES | 329 |
| 9.3. APPLICATION OF LB FILMS IN INDUSTRY | 333 |
| 9.4. SAMs OF AMPHIPHILES ON SOLID SURFACES | 333 |
| 10 DIVERSE APPLICATIONS OF SAM FILMS | 338 |
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| 10.1. INTRODUCTION | 338 |
| 10.2. FOAMS AND EMULSIONS | 338 |
| 10.3. POLYMERIZATION IN MONOLAYERS | 345 |
| 10.4. DIVERSE OTHER SELF-ASSEMBLY SYSTEMS | 345 |
| 10.5. SYNTHETIC POLYMER MONOLAYERS ON ORGANIC LIQUIDS | 350 |
| 10.6. LB FILMS AS GAS SENSORS | 351 |
| 10.7. DIVERSE SAMs ON SOLID SURFACES AS SENSORS | 351 |
| REFERENCES | 353 |
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| INDEX | 382 |
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