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Algae Energy Algae as a New Source of Biodiesel

:	Ayhan Demirbas, Muhammet Fatih Demirbas
:	Algae Energy Algae as a New Source of Biodiesel
:	Springer-Verlag
:	9781849960502
:	1
:	CHF 115.70
:

:	Wärme-, Energie- und Kraftwerktechnik
:	English

:	204
:	Wasserzeichen/DRM
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

Algae Energy covers the production of algae culture and the usage of algal biomass conversion products. It also reviews modern biomass-based transportation fuels, including biodiesel, bio-oil, biomethane and biohydrogen.

Each chapter opens with fundamental explanations suitable for those with a general interest in algae energy and goes on to provide in-depth scientific details for more expert readers. Algae energy is discussed within the wider context of green energy, with chapters covering topics such as: green energy facilities, algae technology, energy from algae and biodiesel from algae.

Algae Energy addresses the needs of energy researchers, chemical engineers, fuel and environmental engineers, postgraduate and advanced undergraduate students, and others interested in a practical tool for pursuing their interest in bio-energy.

Ayhan Demirbas is a full professor and Vice Rector at Sirnak University. He was Professor in Energy Technologies Science at Karadeniz Technical University between 1991 and 2001, at Selcuk University from 2003 to 2007, and at Sila Science and Energy from 2007 to 2009. His research is mainly concerned with renewable and sustainable energy.

M. Fatih Demirbas became Associate Researcher at Sila Science and Energy in 2003 and is now a full professor with the same company. His research focuses on renewable energy sources, notable solar energy and biomass energy technologies (biodiesel; biofuels; biomass pyrolysis; liquefaction and gasification; and biohydrogen).

	1 Introduction	10
	1.1 Introduction	10
	1.2 Energy Demand and Availability	11
	1.2.1 Fossil Energy Sources	12
	1.2.2 Renewable Energy Sources	19
	1.3 Present Energy Situation	21
	1.3.1 Energy Production and Future Energy Scenarios	21
	1.3.2 Future Energy Scenarios	22
	References	35
	2 Green Energy Facilities	37
	2.1 Introduction	37
	2.2 Biomass Feedstocks	38
	2.3 Green Energy	39
	2.4 Importance of Biomass	40
	2.5 Production of Fuels and Chemicals from Biomass	44
	References	54
	3 Biofuels	56
	3.1 Introduction	56
	3.2 Importance of Biofuels	58
	3.3 Bioethanol	61
	3.4 Biodiesel	63
	3.5 Bio-oil	66
	3.6 Biogas	68
	3.7 Fischer–Tropsh Liquids from Biorenewable Feedstocks	71
	3.8 Biohydrogen	76
	3.9 Other Liquid Biofuels	77
	3.9.1 Glycerol-based Fuel Oxygenates for Biodiesel and Diesel Fuel Blends	77
	3.9.2 P-series Fuels	78
	3.9.3 Dimethyl Ether	78
	3.9.4 Other Bio-oxygenated Liquid Fuels	79
	References	79
	4 Algae Technology	82
	4.1 Introduction	82
	4.1.1 Definition of Algal Terms	83
	4.2 Production Systems	84
	4.2.1 Harvesting Microalgae	86
	4.2.2 Photobioreactors	87
	4.2.3 Open-pond Systems	90
	4.2.4 Closed and Hybrid Systems	94
	4.3 Production Costs	96
	References	100
	5 Energy from Algae	104
	5.1 Introduction	104
	5.1.1 Historical Perspective	106
	5.2 Biofuels	106
	5.2.1 Biodiesel	109
	5.2.2 Bioalcohol	111
	5.2.3 Costs, Prices, and Economic Impacts of Biofuels	113
	5.2.4 Environmental Impacts of Biofuels	117
	5.2.5 Combustion Efficiencies of Biofuels	120
	5.2.6 Bio-oil	124
	5.2.7 Biomethane	126
	5.2.8 Production of Bio-oil and Hydrogen by Pyrolysis	127
	5.2.9 Anaerobic Biohydrogen Production	132
	5.3 Liquefaction of Algal Cells	134
	5.3.1 Liquefaction of Algal Cells by Hexane Extraction	136
	5.4 High-value-added Products from Algae	138
	5.4.1 Small Molecules	138
	5.4.2 Polymers	139
	5.4.3 High-value Oils	139
	References	140
	6 Biodiesel from Algae	146
	6.1 Introduction	146
	6.2 Biodiesel from Algal Oil	147
	6.2.1 Production of Biodiesel from Algal Oils	151
	6.3 Potential of Microalgal Biodiesel	154
	6.4 Acceptability of Microalgal Biodiesel	157
	6.5 Economics of Biodiesel Production	158
	6.6 Improving Economics of Microalgal Biodiesel	160
	6.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Biodiesel from Algal Oil	160
	References	161
	7 Biorefineries	165
	7.1 Introduction	165
	7.2 Definitions of Biorefinery	168
	7.2.1 Main Technical and Nontechnical Gaps and Barriers to Biorefineries	170
	7.3 Historical Perspective	170
	7.4 Petroleum Refinery and Biorefinery	174
	7.5 Refining of Upgraded Products	180
	7.6 Opportunities for Refining Pyrolysis Products	184
	References	186
	8 Future Developments	188
	8.1 Introduction	188
	8.1.1 World Theoretical Limit of Biomass Supply	189
	8.1.2 High-yield Energy Crops	190
	8.1.3 Food Versus Fuel Delineation	191
	8.1.4 Thermodynamic Efficiency (Exergy Analysis)	192
	8.1.5 Biofuel Upgradation	192
	8.1.6 Carbon Credits	193
	8.2 Social and Political Issues	194
	8.2.1 The Promise of Algae: Energy Security	195
	8.3 Environmental Impacts of Biomass Production	196
	References	198
	Index	200