| Preface | 6 |
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| Contents | 10 |
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| Part I Setting the Scene: South-Eastern Australia’s Butterflies and Their Conservation | 12 |
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| Chapter 1: Australia’s Butterflies: Some Background | 13 |
| 1.1 Introduction | 13 |
| 1.2 Diversity | 14 |
| 1.3 Biogeography | 19 |
| 1.4 Collecting and Recording | 23 |
| 1.5 Distribution and Conservation Status | 29 |
| Chapter 2: Environments for Butterflies in South Eastern Australia | 34 |
| 2.1 Introduction | 34 |
| 2.2 Environmental Change | 34 |
| 2.3 Threats and Butterfly Declines | 37 |
| 2.4 Urbanisation | 39 |
| Chapter 3: Butterflies in Australian Conservation Legislation | 44 |
| 3.1 Introduction: History, Development and Reception | 44 |
| 3.2 The Butterfly Action Plan | 52 |
| 3.3 Consequences of Recognition for Conservation Need | 58 |
| Part II Cases: Subspecies to Communities | 62 |
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| Chapter 4: A Wetland Skipper on Sedges: Hesperilla flavescens | 63 |
| 4.1 Introduction | 63 |
| 4.2 Hesperilla flavescens flavia | 64 |
| 4.3 Hesperilla flavescens flavescens | 66 |
| Chapter 5: The Australian Hairstreak, Pseudalmenus chlorinda | 74 |
| 5.1 Introduction | 74 |
| 5.2 Biology and Conservation | 74 |
| 5.3 Discussion | 77 |
| Chapter 6: Tales of Two Coppers, Paralucia spp. | 78 |
| 6.1 Introduction | 78 |
| 6.2 The Eltham Copper, Paralucia pyrodiscus lucida | 78 |
| 6.2.1 Biology | 83 |
| 6.2.2 Conservation | 86 |
| 6.2.2.1 Larval Counts | 87 |
| 6.2.2.2 Adult Counts | 88 |
| 6.2.2.3 Threats | 89 |
| 6.3 The Bathurst Copper, Paralucia spinifera | 94 |
| 6.3.1 Biology | 96 |
| 6.3.2 Conservation | 98 |
| 6.4 Discussion | 103 |
| Chapter 7: Unity in Richness: Azure Blues (Ogyris spp.) in Patchy Environments | 105 |
| 7.1 Introduction | 105 |
| 7.2 Biology and Conservation | 107 |
| Chapter 8: Butterflies in a Disappearing Ecosystem: Alpine Satyrinae | 113 |
| 8.1 Introduction | 113 |
| 8.2 Alpine Butterflies | 114 |
| 8.2.1 Oreixenica ptunarra | 115 |
| 8.2.2 Oreixenica latialis theddora | 120 |
| Chapter 9: Butterfly Community No. 1 | 125 |
| 9.1 Introduction | 125 |
| 9.2 Mount Piper | 125 |
| 9.3 Communities in Legislation and Practice | 137 |
| Part III Lessons Learned, and Future Endeavour | 142 |
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| Chapter 10: Building on the Current Foundation | 143 |
| 10.1 Introduction | 143 |
| 10.2 Taxonomic Uncertainty | 143 |
| 10.3 Needs for Conservation | 145 |
| 10.4 Fire as a Management Tool | 145 |
| 10.5 Conservation and Landscape Issues | 148 |
| 10.6 Climate Change | 149 |
| 10.7 Expanding Ranges | 152 |
| 10.8 Effective Butterfly Conservation | 154 |
| 10.9 Towards Management | 162 |
| 10.10 The Future | 164 |
| 10.11 Lessons from and for Elsewhere | 169 |
| 10.12 Broader Regional Context | 173 |
| References | 178 |
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| Index | 189 |