| Preface | 4 |
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| Acknowledgments | 5 |
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| Contents | 6 |
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| Contributors | 8 |
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| The Value of Vaccination | 12 |
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| 1 Population Health and Economic Well-Being | 12 |
| 2 A New Paradigm for the Value of Vaccination | 16 |
| 3 Applications of the New Approach | 17 |
| 4 Two Calls to Action | 18 |
| References | 19 |
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| Recent Trends in Global Immunisation | 20 |
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| 1 Introduction | 20 |
| 2 Official Development Assistance at the Global Level | 20 |
| 3 Health Progress is Possible | 21 |
| 4 The GAVI Alliance, Formerly the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation | 22 |
| 5 Polio Eradication Still Somewhat Problematic | 23 |
| 6 Recent Developments in Malaria | 23 |
| 7 HIV/AIDS Vaccine A Long Way to Go | 24 |
| 8 Measles Remains a Threat | 25 |
| 9 Anti-Vaccine Activists are a Real Danger | 25 |
| 10 Conclusion | 26 |
| References | 27 |
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| New Advances in Typhoid Fever Vaccination Strategies | 28 |
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| 1 Introduction | 28 |
| 2 Typhoid Fever Epidemiology | 29 |
| 3 Typhoid Fever: Clinical Presentation and Outcome | 30 |
| 3.1 Diagnosis | 31 |
| 3.2 Management | 32 |
| 4 Control Strategies | 32 |
| 4.1 Antimicrobial Resistance | 33 |
| 4.2 Vaccination | 34 |
| 4.2.1 Ty21a | 36 |
| 4.2.2 Vi Capsular Polysaccharide | 38 |
| 4.2.3 New Vaccines in Pipeline | 38 |
| 4.3 Perceived Risk of Disease and Vaccination Acceptance | 40 |
| 4.4 The Market (Vaccine Demand and Supply) | 40 |
| 4.4.1 Vaccination Strategies | 41 |
| 4.4.2 Determining Endemicity | 42 |
| 5 Population Impact | 42 |
| 5.1 Guangxi Province, China | 42 |
| 5.2 National Immunization Program, Vietnam | 43 |
| 5.3 Delhi State, India | 44 |
| 5.4 Disease of Most Impoverished (DOMI) Studies in South and SouthEast Asia | 44 |
| 6 Conclusion | 46 |
| References | 46 |
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| Prevention of Vertical Transmission of HIVin Resource-Limited Countries | 51 |
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| 1 Introduction Global Status of Efforts to Prevent Vertical Transmission of HIV | 51 |
| 2 Program Experience | 52 |
| 2.1 Thailand and Botswana National Programs | 52 |
| 2.1.1 Thailand | 52 |
| 2.1.2 Botswana | 53 |
| 2.2 Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation Program and Experience | 53 |
| 3 Lessons Learned | 56 |
| 3.1 Counseling | 56 |
| 3.2 Testing | 56 |
| 3.3 ARV Prophylaxis | 56 |
| 3.4 Uptake of Maternal and Infant Prophylaxis | 57 |
| 3.5 HIV Testing in Labor and Delivery | 58 |
| 4 Modeling Service Coverage | 58 |
| 4.1 2000--2002 | 60 |
| 4.2 2003--2005 | 60 |
| 4.3 2006--2008 | 61 |
| 5 Effectiveness of Prevention of Vertical Transmission Programs: The PEARL Study | 61 |
| 6 Importance of Identifying Pregnant Women Eligible for ART | 62 |
| 7 Prevention of Vertical Transmission During Breastfeeding | 63 |
| 8 Conclusion | 65 |
| References | 65 |
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| Pneumonia in Children in Developing Countries | 68 |
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| 1 Introduction | 68 |
| 2 Aetiology | 68 |
| 3 Standard Management | 69 |
| 4 Which Children Need an Antibiotic | 70 |
| 5 Which Children Need Admission | 71 |
| 6 W
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