ebook ebooks e-book e-books downloaden bei MyEbooks.ch downloaden

The Cell Biology of Stem Cells

:	Kathrin Plath, Eran Meshorer
:	Eran Meshorer, Kathrin Plath
:	The Cell Biology of Stem Cells
:	Springer-Verlag
:	9781441970374
:	Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
:	1
:	CHF 135.30
:

:	Biochemie, Biophysik
:	English

:	226
:	Wasserzeichen
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

Stem cells have been gaining a lot of attention in recent years. Their unique potential to self-renew and differentiate has turned them into an attractive model for the study of basic biological questions such as cell division, replication, transcription, cell fate decisions, and more. With embryonic stem (ES) cells that can generate each cell type in the mammalian body and adult stem cells that are able to give rise to the cells within a given lineage, basic questions at different developmental stages can be addressed. Importantly, both adult and embryonic stem cells provide an excellent tool for cell therapy, making stem cell research ever more pertinent to regenerative medicine. As the title The Cell Biology of Stem Cells suggests, our book deals with multiple aspects of stem cell biology, ranging from their basic molecular characteristics to the in vivo stem cell trafficking of adult stem cells and the adult stem-cell niche, and ends with a visit to regeneration and cell fate reprogramming. In the first chapter, 'Early embryonic cell fate decisions in the mouse', Amy Ralson and Yojiro Yamanaka describe the mechanisms that support early developmental decisions in the mouse pre-implantation embryo and the current understanding of the source of the most immature stem cell types, which includes ES cells, trophoblast stem (TS) cells and extraembryonic endoderm stem (XEN) cells.

Eran Mes horer, PhD, is studying chromatin plasticity in embryonic and neuronal stem cells at the Department of Genetics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He received his PhD in Molecular Neuroscience from the Hebrew University and conducted his post-doctoral studies at the National Cancer Institute, NIH. His lab focuses on understanding pluripotency, differentiation and reprogramming from a chromatin perspective, taking both genome-wide and single cell approaches. He is a member of the International Society for Stem Cell Research and holds the Joseph H. and Belle R. Braun Senior Lectureship in Life Sciences. Kathrin Plath, PhD, is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Biological Chemistry at the University of California Los Angeles since 2004. After she received her PhD from the Humboldt University at Berlin in Germany, she was at the University of California San Francisco and the Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, MA for her postdoctoral studies. Dr. Plath's main research interest is to understand how developmental cues induce changes in chromatin structure at the molecular level, and how these changes regulate cell fate decisions and gene expression in mammalian development. She is a member of the International Society for Stem Cell Research and of the editorial board of several stem cell journals.

	Title page	3
	Copyright page	4
	PREFACE	5
	ABOUT THE EDITORS...	8
	ABOUT THE EDITORS...	9
	PARTICIPANTS	10
	Table of contents	13
	CHAPTER 1 EARLY EMBRYONIC CELL FATE DECISIONS IN THE MOUSE	17
	Abstract:	17
	INTRODUCTION	17
	LINEAGE ESTABLISHMENT AND THE PRE-STEM CELL PROGRAM:FORMATION OF THE BLASTOCYST	18
	LINEAGE MAINTENANCE AND THE STEM CELL PROGRAM: BEYOND THE BLASTOCYST	22
	THE SECOND LINEAGE DECISION: SUBDIVIDING THE ICM	22
	CELL SIGNALING REGULATES PE/EPI SPECIFICATION	23
	ESTABLISHMENT AND MODULATION OF PLURIPOTENCYIN THE EPI LINEAGE	25
	CONCLUSION	26
	REFERENCES	27
	CHAPTER 2 NUCLEAR ARCHITECTURE IN STEM CELLS	30
	Abstract:	30
	INTRODUCTION	30
	FUNCTIONAL COMPARTMENTALIZATION OF THE ES CELL NUCLEUS	31
	Organization of Chromosomes and Single Genes within the Nuclear Space	31
	Lamina and the Nuclear Periphery	33
	STEM CELL FEATURES OF OTHER NUCLEOPLASMIC SUBCOMPARTMENTS	35
	Splicing Speckles and Cajal Bodies	35
	Promyelocytic Leukemia Bodies	35
	Polycomb Bodies	36
	CHROMATIN FEATURES CHARACTERISTIC OF ES CELL NUCLEI	36
	Hypermobility of Architectural Chromatin Proteins and Heterochromatin Formation	36
	Hypertranscription and DNA Replication in ES Cells	37
	Silencing Mechanisms at Developmental Regulator Genes	38
	CONCLUSION	38
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	38
	REFERENCES	39
	CHAPTER 3 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF PLURIPOTENCY	42
	Abstract:	42
	INTRODUCTION	42
	EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS	44
	Modulators of Chromatin Structure and Dynamics	45
	Histone Modifications	45
	DNA Methylation	46
	THE EPIGENOME OF ES CELLS	47
	Chromatin Structure and Dynamics	47
	Histone Modifications	48
	DNA Methylation	51
	CONCLUSION	52
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	53
	REFERENCES	53
	CHAPTER 4 AUTOSOMAL LYONIZATION OF REPLICATION DOMAINS DURING EARLYMAMMALIAN DEVELOPMENT	57
	Abstract:	57
	INTRODUCTION	58
	REPLICATION TIMING PROGRAM: AN ELUSIVE MEASURE OF GENOME ORGANIZATION	58
	Early Experiments	58
	The Lessons from X Chromosome Inactivation	60
	Replication Timing Landscape on Autosomes	61
	AN EVOLUTIONARILY CONSERVED EPIGENETIC FINGERPRINT	64
	REPLICATION TIMING AS A QUANTITATIVE INDEX OF 3-DIMENSIONAL GENOME ORGANIZATION	65
	REPLICATION TIMING REVEALS AN EPIGENETIC TRANSITION: AUTOSOMAL LYONIZATION AT THE EPIBLAST STAGE	67
	REPLICATION TIMING AND CELLULAR REPROGRAMMING:FURTHER SUPPORT FOR AUTOSOMAL LYONIZATION	68
	MAINTENANCE AND ALTERATION OF REPLICATION TIMING PROGRAM AND ITS POTENTIAL ROLES	69
	CONCLUSION	70
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	70
	REFERENCES	71
	CHAPTER 5 PRESERVATION OF GENOMIC INTEGRITY IN MOUSE EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS	75
	Abstract	75
	INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE	76
	MUTATION FREQUENCIES IN SOMATIC CELLS	78
	The Frequency of Mutation Is Suppressed in Mouse ES Cells	79
	ES Cell Populations Retain Pristine Genomes by Eliminating Cells with Damaged DNA	82
	Mouse ES Cells Preferentially Utilize High-Fidelity Homology-Mediated Repair Rather Than Nonhomologous End-Joining to Repair Double Strand DNA Breaks	86
	CONCLUSION	88
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	89
	REFERENCES	89
	CHAPTER 6 TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION IN EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS	92
	Abstract:	92
	INTRODUCTION	92
	EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS AS A MODEL TO STUDY TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION	93
	TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS GOVERNING ESC PLURIPOTENCY	94
	TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORY NETWORK	97
	TECHNOLOGIES FOR DISSECTING THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORY NETWORK	97
	THE CORE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORY NETWORK: Oct4, Sox2 AND Nanog	98
	EXPANDED TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORY NETWORK	100
	ENHANCEOSOMES: TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR COMPLEX	102
	INTEGRATION OF SIGNALING PATHWAYS TO TRANSCRIPTIONAL NETWORK	103
	INTERFACE BETWEEN TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION	104
	CONCLUSION	105
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	105
	REFERENCES	105
	CHAPTER 7 ALTERNATIVE SPLICING IN STEM CELL SELF-RENEWAL AND DIFFERENTIATION	108
	Abstract:	108
	INTRODUCTION	108
	INTRODUCTION TO ALTERNATIVE SPLICING	109
	ALTERNATIVE SPLICING OF GENES IMPLICATED IN STEMNESS AND DIFFERENTIATION	109
	GENOME-WIDE METHODS TO IDENTIFY AND DETECT ALTERNATIVE SPLICING EVENTS	114
	REGULATION OF ALTERNATIVE SPLICING BY RNA BINDING PROTEINS	114
	CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES	117
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	118
	REFERENCES	118
	CHAPTER 8 MicroRNA REGULATION OF EMBRYONIC STEM CELL SELF-RENEWAL AND DIFFERENTIATION	121
	Abstract:	121
	INTRODUCTION: THE SELF-RENEWAL PROGRAM	121
	EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS	122
	miRNA BIOGENESIS AND FUNCTION	122
	ESCC miRNAs PROMOTE SELF-RENEWAL	124
	miRNAs INDUCED DURING ESC DIFFERENTIATION SUPPRESS THE SELF-RENEWAL PROGRAM	126
	REGULATORY NETWORKS CONTROLLING miRNA EXPRESSION	128
	miRNAs CAN PROMOTE OR INHIBIT DEDIFFERENTIATION TO IPS CELLS	129
	miRNAs IN SOMATIC STEM CELLS	129
	miRNAS IN CANCER CELLS	130
	CONCLUSION	130
	REFERENCES