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Cell Fusion in Health and Disease II: Cell Fusion in Disease

:	Thomas Dittmar, Kurt S. Zänker
:	Cell Fusion in Health and Disease II: Cell Fusion in Disease
:	Springer-Verlag
:	9789400707825
:	Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
:	1
:	CHF 193.20
:

:	Nichtklinische Fächer
:	English

:	204
:	Wasserzeichen
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

Although cell fusion is an omnipresent process in life, to date considerably less is still known about the mechanisms and the molecules being involved in this biological phenomenon in higher organisms. In Cell Fusion in Health and Disease Vol 1& Vol 2 leading experts will present up-to-date overviews about cell fusion in physiological and patho-physiological processes, which further covers the current knowledge about cell fusion-mediating molecules. Volume 1 deals with Cell Fusion in Health and will cover aspects of cell fusion in fertilization, placentation, in C. elegans, in skeletal muscle development and tissue repair, and the use of cell fusion for cellular reprogramming and cancer vaccine development. Volume 2 focuses on Cell Fusion in Disease with a particular emphasis on the role of cell fusion in cancer development and progression. Thus, Cell Fusion in Health and Disease Vol 1& Vol 2 represents a state-of-the-art work for researchers, physicians or professionals being interested in the biological phenomenon of cell fusion and beyond.

	Preface	6
	Contents	9
	Contributors	10
	1 Introduction	12
	2 Horizontal Gene Transfers with or without Cell Fusions in All Categories of the Living Matter	15
	2.1 Acquisition and Horizontal Transfer of Vibrio cholerae Virulence Gene	15
	2.1.1 Hamburg 1892	15
	2.1.2 The Vibrio and the Disease	16
	2.1.3 The Phage and Its Genome	19
	2.1.4 The Hiding Place of the Original Cholera Virulence Genes	21
	2.2 Mimivirus and Its Companions	23
	2.2.1 Viruses and Toxins of Blooming Dinoflagellates	23
	2.2.2 Genes of the Mimivirus Shared with Its Phage and with Its Host Amoeba	26
	2.3 Interviral (Virus-to-Virus) Gene Transfers	29
	2.3.1 Marek's Disease Herpesvirus	29
	2.3.2 Reticuloendotheliosis Virus Genomic Sequences in the Marek's Virus and in the Fowlpox Virus Genomes	29
	2.3.3 Herpesviruses Activate Latent Retroviruses	32
	2.3.4 Avian Herpesviruses Descend from Theropod Dinosaurs?	32
	2.4 Horizontal Gene Transfers in Archaea and Prokaryota	36
	2.4.1 The Darwinian Threshold (Woese)	36
	2.4.2 The Ancient Origin of ''Virulence Genes''	39
	2.4.3 A Selected Example of Speciation	41
	2.5 The Insertion of Adaptive Immunity Genes	44
	2.5.1 Retrotransposons	44
	2.5.2 An Ancient Herpesvirus	47
	2.6 Horizontal Gene Gains in Eukaryota	49
	2.6.1 Viral Genes	49
	2.6.1.1 Bornavirus in Human Brain Cells	49
	2.6.1.2 Human Herpesvirus-6 in Human Telomers	51
	2.6.2 Horizontal Gene Transfers in Eukaryota	52
	2.7 Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition of Human Cancer Cells	58
	2.7.1 Bacteria Inducing Inflammatory Cancers	58
	2.7.1.1 Helicobacter Pylori: Cancers of the Soil and Seed	58
	2.7.1.2 Bacteroides Fragilis: Inflammatory Carcinogenesis with or Without It	59
	2.7.2 The Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transformation	64
	2.8 Horizontal Transfer of Proto-Oncogenes	66
	2.9 Horizontal Gene Transfers for the Treatment and Cure of Cancer	67
	2.10 Consequences	68
	2.11 Summary	69
	References	70
	3 Class III Viral Membrane Fusion Proteins	100
	3.1 Introduction	100
	3.1.1 Definition of Class III Fusion Proteins	100
	3.1.2 Viruses Encoding Class III Fusion Proteins	101
	3.1.3 The Multiple Roles of Class III Fusion Proteins	101
	3.2 Structural Features of Class III Viral Fusion Proteins	102
	3.2.1 Global Structural Organization of Class III Fusion Proteins	102
	3.2.2 Domain Organization of Class III Fusion Proteins	103
	3.3 Functionally Important Regions of Class III Fusion Proteins	104
	3.3.1 Fusion Loops	104
	3.3.2 Membrane-Proximal (Stem) Regions and C-Terminal Domain (CTD)	105
	3.4 Molecular Basis of the Class III Type Proteins Fusion Mechanism	106
	3.4.1 Activation Triggers for Class III Viral Fusogens	106
	3.4.2 Structural Rearrangements of Class III Fusion Proteins	106
	References	107
	4 Human Trophoblast in Trisomy 21: A Model for Cell--Cell Fusion Dynamic Investigation	111
	4.1 Human Placenta and Trophoblast Differentiation	111
	4.2 Membranes Proteins Involved in Human Trophoblast Fusion and Differentiation	112
	4.2.1 Syncytin-1	114
	4.2.2 Syncytin-2	114
	4.2.3 Syncytin-1 and Syncytin-2 Expression During In Vitro Trophoblast Differentiation	115
	4.3 Abnormal Trophoblast Fusion and Differentiation in Trisomy 21	115
	4.4 CellCell Fusion: A Dynamic Process	116
	4.5 In Vitro Reversibility of Abnormal Trophoblast Fusion and Differentiation in T21	116
	References	118
	5 Cell Fusion and Hyperactive Osteoclastogenesis in Multiple Myeloma	121
	5.1 Introduction	121
	5.2 Cell Fusion in Multiple Myeloma	122
	5.2.1 Ploidy Abnormalities	123
	5.2.2 Centrosome Amplification	123
	5.2.3 Myeloma Stem Cells	124
	5.2.4 Macrophage Fusion and Metastatic Potential of Malignant Plasma Cells	125
	5.2.5 Upregulated Osteoclastogenesis	126
	5.3 The Origin and Role of the Osteoclasts in MM	126
	5.3.1 Enhanced Marrow Levels of Osteoclastogenic Factors	126
	5.3.2 Osteoclast-Like Myeloma Polykaryons	127
	5.3.3 Osteoclast-Myeloma Hybrids	129
	5.4 New Evidence of Cell Fusion in MM	130
	5.4.1 Increased Expression of Fusogenic Proteins	130
	5.4.2 Osteoclast Transdifferentiation of Dendritic Cells	130
	5.4.3 Functional Osteoclast-Like Activity of Malignant Plasma Cells	132
	5.5 Conclusion	133
	References	133
	6 Cell Fusion Hypothesis of the Cancer Stem Cell	137
	6.1 Introduction	137
	6.2 Cell Fusion: A Hidden Force in Cancer Progression	138
	6.3 CSCs: A Conceptual Advance in Cancer Biology	139
	6.4 The Cell Fusion Hypothesis of CSCs	141
	6.5 Conclusions	144
	References	144
	7 Expression of Macrophage Antigens by Tumor Cells	149
	7.1 Introduction	149
	7.2 Macrophage Antigen CD14	150
	7.3 Macrophage Antigen CD68	151
	7.4 Macrophage Antigen MAC387	151
	7.5 Macrophage Antigen CD163	151
	7.6 CD163 Expression in Breast Cancer	153
	7.7 CD163 Expression in Colorectal Cancer