| Foreword | 6 |
|---|
| Preface | 8 |
|---|
| Contents | 10 |
|---|
| About the Contributors | 12 |
|---|
| Part I:Introduction | 20 |
|---|
| Chapter 1: Africa and Asia: Two of the World’s Fastest Growing Regions | 21 |
| 1.1 Introduction | 21 |
| 1.2 Understanding Africa | 22 |
| 1.3 Understanding Asia | 24 |
| 1.4 The Chapters | 27 |
| References | 36 |
| Part II:Climate Change and Urban Development | 37 |
|---|
| Chapter 2: Climate Change and Living Cities: Global Problems with Local Solutions | 38 |
| 2.1 Introduction | 38 |
| 2.2 Climate Change – Current Trends | 39 |
| 2.2.1 Urbanisation and Growing Cities | 40 |
| 2.3 How Cities Contribute Towards Climate Change | 42 |
| 2.3.1 Impact of Climate Change on Cities | 43 |
| 2.3.1.1 Impact on Health | 43 |
| 2.3.1.2 Impact on Food Production | 44 |
| 2.3.1.3 Impact on Coastal Areas | 45 |
| 2.3.1.4 Impact on Water Resources | 45 |
| 2.3.1.5 Impact on Infrastructure, Economic Growth and Development | 46 |
| 2.4 Global Issues, Local Solutions | 47 |
| 2.4.1 Mitigation and Adaptation | 48 |
| 2.4.1.1 Adaptation | 48 |
| 2.4.1.2 Mitigation | 49 |
| 2.5 Living Cities – Better Governance and Better Infrastructure1 | 50 |
| 2.6 Conclusion | 51 |
| References | 51 |
| Chapter 3: Climate Change in the Context of Urban Development in Africa | 53 |
| 3.1 Introduction | 53 |
| 3.2 Africa and Climate Change | 54 |
| 3.3 Urbanization and Urban Growth Trends in Africa | 57 |
| 3.3.1 Impacts of Climate Change in the Context of African Urbanization | 60 |
| 3.3.1.1 Agriculture and Food Security | 61 |
| 3.3.1.2 Water, Sea Level Rise and Coastal Zones | 62 |
| 3.3.2 Human Health | 64 |
| 3.3.3 Rural–Urban Migration | 65 |
| 3.4 Climate Change, Urban Development, and Adaptation: Policy Implications for Africa | 66 |
| 3.5 Conclusion | 68 |
| References | 69 |
| Chapter 4: A Region of Contrasts: Urban Development, Housing and Poverty in Asia | 72 |
| 4.1 Introduction | 72 |
| 4.2 An Urbanizing Region | 73 |
| 4.3 Managing Urban Development | 77 |
| 4.4 Urban Poverty Reduction | 79 |
| 4.5 Conclusion | 80 |
| References | 82 |
| Chapter 5: The Effects of Climate Change on Urban Human Settlements in Africa | 84 |
| 5.1 Introduction | 84 |
| 5.2 Africa – General Overview | 85 |
| 5.3 The Impact of Climate Change on Urban Human Settlements in Africa | 87 |
| 5.3.1 Impacts of Climate Change on African Urban Settlements | 88 |
| 5.3.2 Impacts of Climate Change and Natural Disasters on Urban Settlements | 89 |
| 5.3.3 The Impacts of Flooding | 90 |
| 5.3.4 Who Are the Worst Affected Urbanites? | 91 |
| 5.4 The Rise of Sea Level and Impact on Urban Human Settlements | 92 |
| 5.4.1 Constraints on Water Supplies and Other Key Natural Resources | 92 |
| 5.4.1.1 Climate Change and Its Effects on Rural – Urban Migration | 94 |
| 5.4.2 Impact on Human Health | 94 |
| 5.4.2.1 Threats to City’s Infrastructure and Property | 95 |
| 5.4.2.2 Water Pollution | 97 |
| 5.4.2.3 Air Pollution | 97 |
| 5.4.2.4 Dust and Sand Storm | 98 |
| 5.4.2.5 Drought | 99 |
| 5.4.2.6 Higher Temperatures and Heat Waves | 99 |
| 5.4.2.7 Food Security | 99 |
| 5.5 Government Response to Climate Change at the City Level | 100 |
| 5.6 General Efforts to Combat Climate Change Effects in the African Continent | 101 |
| 5.6.1 International Agreements | 102 |
| 5.6.2 Regional Initiatives and Programmes | 102 |
| 5.6.3 Action at City Level: Current Experiences and Lessons on Adaptation | 103 |
| 5.6.4 The Built Environment | 103 |
| 5.6.5 Climate Change and Urb
|
