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Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 209

:	David M. Whitacre
:	David M. Whitacre
:	Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 209
:	Springer-Verlag
:	9781441968838
:	1
:	CHF 136.20
:

:	Biochemie, Biophysik
:	English

:	164
:	Wasserzeichen
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology attempts to provide concise, critical reviews of timely advances, philosophy and significant areas of accomplished or needed endeavor in the total field of xenobiotics, in any segment of the environment, as well as toxicological implications.

	Foreword	4
	Preface	6
	Contents	8
	Contributors	9
	The University of California-Davis Methodology for Deriving Aquatic Life Pesticide Water Quality Criteria	10
	1 Introduction	11
	1.1 Definition of Numeric Criteria	12
	1.2 Goal and Level of Organization to Protect	14
	2 Data for Criteria Generation	15
	2.1 Kinds of Data	15
	2.1.1 Acute vs. Chronic Toxicity Data	16
	2.1.2 Hypothesis Tests vs. Regression Analysis	18
	2.1.3 Endpoints	20
	2.1.4 Multispecies (Field/Semi-field, Laboratory) Data	22
	2.1.5 Data from Multi-pathway Exposures	23
	2.1.6 Toxicity Data that Incorporate Time	23
	2.2 Filling Data Gaps with Estimation Techniques	24
	2.2.1 Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships (QSARs)	24
	2.2.2 Interspecies Correlations for Estimation of Toxicity	25
	2.2.3 Estimating Chronic Toxicity from Acute Data	25
	2.3 Data Sources and Literature Searches	26
	2.4 Data Summaries of Ecotoxicity Data	29
	2.5 Data Evaluation	29
	2.5.1 Physical--Chemical Data	31
	2.5.2 Ecotoxicity Data Evaluation	34
	2.6 Data Quantity -- Ecotoxicity	41
	2.7 Data Reduction	44
	3 Criteria Calculation	46
	3.1 SSD Procedure	47
	3.1.1 Distribution Shape and Fit	47
	3.1.2 Percentile Cutoff	61
	3.1.3 Level of Confidence	62
	3.1.4 Aggregation of Taxa and Outliers	63
	3.1.5 Comparison of Methods	64
	3.1.6 SSDs in the UCDM	68
	3.2 AF Procedure	69
	3.2.1 Appropriate Use of AFs	71
	3.2.2 Toxicity Values	72
	3.2.3 Magnitude Factors	73
	3.2.4 Acute Factors	73
	3.2.5 Acute-to-Chronic Ratios (ACRs)	75
	3.3 Averaging Periods	78
	3.4 Allowable Frequency of Exceedance	80
	3.4.1 Review of the Literature	80
	3.4.2 Allowable Frequency of Exceedance -- Conclusion	84
	4 Water Quality Effects	85
	4.1 Bioavailability	85
	4.2 Mixtures	89
	4.2.1 Additivity	90
	4.2.2 Non-additivity: Synergism and Antagonism	93
	4.2.3 Combined Models	94
	4.2.4 Conclusions on Mixtures	96
	4.3 Other Water Quality Effects	96
	5 Check Criteria Against Ecotoxicity Data	96
	5.1 Sensitive Species	97
	5.2 Ecosystem and Other Studies	97
	5.3 Threatened and Endangered Species	97
	6 Partitioning to Other Environmental Compartments	98
	6.1 Bioaccumulation/Secondary Poisoning	98
	6.2 Harmonization with Sediment and Air Criteria	101
	7 Assumptions and Limitations	102
	7.1 Assumptions, Limitations, and Uncertainties of the UCDM	102
	7.2 Data Generation to Improve Criteria Derivation	103
	8 Guideline Format	104
	9 The UCD Methodology	104
	9.1 Goals and Definitions	104
	9.1.1 Relevant Compounds	105
	9.1.2 Definition of Numeric Criteria	105
	9.1.3 Overview	105
	9.2 Data	105
	9.2.1 Data Collection	107
	9.2.2 Data Evaluation	110
	9.2.3 Filling Chronic Toxicity Data Gaps with Estimation Techniques	112
	9.2.4 Data Reduction	112
	9.2.5 Data Graphing	114
	9.3 Acute Criterion Derivation	114
	9.3.1 Data Requirements Applicable to Use of the SSD	114
	9.3.2 Derivation of a Criterion Using an SSD	115
	9.3.3 Derivation of an Acute Criterion Using an AF	122
	9.4 Chronic Criterion Derivation	123
	9.4.1 Derivation of a Chronic Criterion Using an SSD	123
	9.4.2 Derivation of a Chronic Criterion Using an ACR	123
	9.4.3 Derivation of a Chronic Criterion for a Herbicide	126
	9.5 Incorporation of Water Quality Effects into Criteria Compliance	126
	9.5.1 Bioavailability	127
	9.5.2 Mixtures	128
	9.5.3 Temperature, pH, and Other Effects	130
	9.6 Checking Criteria Against Ecotoxicity Data	133
	9.6.1 Sensitive Species	133
	9.6.2 Ecosystem and Other Studies	134
	9.6.3 Threatened and Endangered Species	134
	9.7 Partitioning to Other Environmental Compartments	136
	9.7.1 Bioaccumulation/Secondary Poisoning	136
	9.7.2 Harmonization with Air or Sediment Criteria	141
	9.8 Reviewing Assumptions and Limitations to Derived Criteria	142
	9.9 Final Criteria Statement	143
	10 Summary	143
	Acknowledgments	145
	Appendix: Acute Chlorpyrifos Data Collected for Criteria Derivation Using the UCDM Derivation	146
	References	151
	Index	165