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Mind the Gap Tracing the Origins of Human Universals

:	Peter M. Kappeler, Joan B. Silk
:	Peter M Kappeler, Joan Silk
:	Mind the Gap Tracing the Origins of Human Universals
:	Springer-Verlag
:	9783642027253
:	1
:	CHF 123.80
:

:	Sonstiges
:	English

:	504
:	Wasserzeichen/DRM
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

This volume features a collection of essays by primatologists, anthropologists, biologists, and psychologists who offer some answers to the question of what makes us human, i. e. , what is the nature and width of the gap that separates us from other primates? The chapters of this volume summarize the latest research on core aspects of behavioral and cognitive traits that make humans such unusual animals. All contributors adopt an explicitly comparative approach, which is based on the premise that comparative studies of our closest biological relatives, the nonhuman primates, provide the logical foundation for identifying human univ- sals as well as evidence for evolutionary continuity in our social behavior. Each of the chapters in this volume provides comparative analyses of relevant data from primates and humans, or pairs of chapters examine the same topic from a human or primatological perspective, respectively. Together, they cover six broad topics that are relevant to identifying potential human behavioral universals. Family and social organization. Predation pressure is thought to be the main force favoring group-living in primates, but there is great diversity in the size and structure of social groups across the primate order. Research on the behavioral ecology of primates and other animals has revealed that the distribution of males and females in space and time can be explained by sex-speci?c adaptations that are sensitive to factors that limit their ?tness: access to resources for females and access to potential mates for males.

	Preface	5
	Acknowlegements	11
	Contents	12
	Contributors	15
	Part I Introduction	18
	1 Primate Behavior and Human Universals: Exploring the Gap	19
	1.1 Introduction	19
	1.2 The Gap is Behavioral	20
	1.3 A Brief History of the Gap	21
	1.4 Explaining the Gap	23
	1.5 Primatology and the Gap	25
	1.6 Uniquely Human	27
	References	28
	Part II Family	28
	32	28
	2 The Deep Structure of Human Society: Primate Origins and Evolution	33
	2.1 Introduction	34
	2.2 What is Reciprocal Exogamy?	35
	2.3 Phylogenetic Evidence as a Test of the Exogamy Model	39
	2.4 Origins of the Multifamily Community	41
	2.5 Kinship in Early Hominid Society	43
	2.6 The Evolution of Stable Breeding Bonds	47
	2.7 Fatherhood and the Expansion of Kinship	50
	2.8 The Origins of Exogamy and Postmarital Residence	52
	2.9 The “Atom of Between-Group Alliances”	53
	2.10 The Nascent Tribe	56
	2.11 The Evolution of Residential Diversity	57
	2.12 The Origins of Exogamy Rules	58
	2.13 Conclusion	60
	References	61
	3 Conflict and Bonding Between the Sexes	66
	3.1 An Approach to Universals	67
	3.2 What is Sexual Conflict?	68
	3.3 Approaches to Studying Sexual Conflict	69
	3.4 Pre- and PostCopulatory Conflict over Mating: Sexual Coercion	70
	3.5 PostCopulatory Sexual Conflict: Prezygotic	79
	3.6 Postcopulatory Sexual Conflict: Postzygotic	81
	3.7 A Counterstrategy: Male–Female Association	82
	3.8 Conclusions and Future Directions	85
	References	87
	4 The Unusual Women of Mpimbwe: Why Sex Differences in Humans are not Universal	97
	4.1 Introduction	98
	4.2 Parental Investment Theory and Beyond	99
	4.3 The Unusual Women of Mpimbwe	101
	4.4 Pair Bonds in Humans	106
	4.5 Mind the Crack: Concluding Observations	111
	References	113
	Part III Politics	113
	119	113
	5 Dominance, Power, and Politics in Nonhuman and Human Primates	120
	5.1 Introduction	121
	5.2 What is Dominance?	122
	5.3 Functions of Dominance	123
	5.4 Sources of Variation in Female Dominance Style: Ecology, Phylogeny, and Self-Structuring	124
	5.5 Variation in Male Dominance Style	129
	5.6 Power and Politics	130
	5.7 Politics and Cognition	137
	5.8 Politics in Human versus Non-Human Primates	141
	References	144
	6 Human Power and Prestige Systems	150
	6.1 Introduction	150
	6.2 The Basis of Social Power in Primates	151
	6.3 Prestige: A Unique Source of Social Power	152
	6.4 The Evolutionary Origins of Prestige	153
	6.5 Prestige, Signaling and the Origins of Inequality	156
	6.6 Conclusions	161
	References	161
	7 The End of the Republic	164
	7.1 Introduction	164
	7.2 Senators, Soldiers, Slaves and a Sterile Caste	166
	7.3 Emperors	171
	7.4 Reproductive Skew	175
	References	177
	Part IV Intergroup Relationships	180
	8 Intergroup Aggression in Primates and Humans: The Case for a Unified Theory	181
	8.1 Introduction	181
	8.2 Nonhuman Primates Living in Troops	183
	8.3 Chimpanzees	194
	8.4 Humans	198
	8.5 Discussion	200
	References	201
	9 Why War? Motivations for Fighting in the Human State of Nature	206
	9.1 Introduction	206
	9.2 Subsistence Resources	207
	9.3 Reproduction	210
	9.4 Dominance: Rank, Power, Status, Prestige	215
	9.5 Revenge: Retaliation to Eliminate and Deter	216
	9.6 Power and the Security Dilemma	218
	9.7 World-View and the Supernatural	219
	9.8 Playfulness, Adventurism, Ecstasy	221
	9.9 Cooperation in Fighting	222
	9.10 Conclusion: Fighting in the Evolutionary State of Nature	224
	References	226
	Part V Foundations of Cooperation	230
	10 From Grooming to Giving Blood: The Origins of Human Altruism	231
	10.1 Introduction	231
	10.2 The Evolution of Altruism	232
	10.3 Kin Biases in Behavior	234
	10.4 Cooperation Among Reciprocating Partners	235
	10.5 Limits of Altruism in Primate Groups	237
	10.6 Motives Underlying Altruism in NHPs	238
	10.7 The Origins of Other Regarding Preferences in Humans	242
	10.8 Conclusions	248
	References	248
	11 Evolved Irrationality? Equity and the Origins of Human Economic Behavior	253
	11.1 Homo economicus: Model Subject or Tall Tale?	253
	11.2 The Irrationality of Human Preferences	256
	11.3 Irrational Equity-Seeking and the Emergence of Human Fairness Norms	258
	11.4 The Evolution of Primate Economic Strategies: Monkey Markets	260
	11.5 Primate Economic Irrationalities: Do Monkeys Exhibit Human Economic Biases?	262
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