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Remote Sensing Tools for Exploration Observing and Interpreting the Electromagnetic Spectrum

:	Pamela Elizabeth Clark, Michael Rilee
:	Remote Sensing Tools for Exploration Observing and Interpreting the Electromagnetic Spectrum
:	Springer-Verlag
:	9781441968302
:	1
:	CHF 132.60
:

:	Geografie
:	English

:	346
:	Wasserzeichen/DRM
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

Remote Sensing from a New Perspective The idea for this book began many years ago, when I was asked to teach a course on remote sensing. Not long before that time, I had been part of the effort to develop the first database for planetary data with a common digital array format and interactive processing capabilities to correlate those data easily: the lunar consortium. All the available lunar remote sensing data were included, orbital and ground-based, ranging across the entire electromagnetic spectrum. I had used this powerful tool extensively, and, in that spirit, I was determined to create a course which covered the entire spectrum and a variety of targets. As I looked around for the equivalent of a textbook, which I was willing to pull together from several sources, I realized that available material was very heavily focused on the visual and near visual spectrum and on the Earth as a target. Even The Surveillant Science, edited by Edward Holz and published in 1973, which broke new ground in having diverse articles on most of the spectrum when it was created, focused entirely on the Earth. My personal favorite, the exceedingly well written book on remote sensing by Floyd Sabins first published in 1978, covered the visual, infrared, and microwave portions of the spectrum beautifully but focused on the Earth as well. Unhindered, I developed what I called 'packets' of material for each part of the spectrum.

Pamela Clark grew up in New England and, inspired by President John Kennedy, decided she wanted to explore outer space by the time she was thirteen years old. She obtained her BA from St. Joseph College. While obtaining her PhD in planetary geochemistry from the University of Maryland, she worked at GSFC/NASA outside of Washington DC and the Astrogeology Branch of the USGS in Flagstaff, Arizona, simulating, analyzing, correlating, and interpreting lunar X-ray spectra. She eventually returned Goddard as a member of the XGRS team on the NEAR mission to asteroid Eros. Currently, as a member of the sciences and exploration division at GSFC, Dr. Clark is the science lead in a group to develop new paradigms for the design of space missions and vehicles.

Michael Lee Rilee, Ph.D. is the founder of Rilee Systems Technologies LLC which focuses on advanced computing technologies for autonomous aerospace and robotics applications. Rilee is a plasma physicist and astronomer by training with experience in high performance computing as applied to ground and space-based systems. He was a key researcher in NASA Goddard Space Flight Center's parallel and distributed robotics efforts, including Tetrahedral Robotics.

	Preface	6
	Remote Sensing from a New Perspective	6
	About the Authors	8
	Pamela Elizabeth Clark	8
	Michael Lee Rilee	9
	Contents	10
	Chapter 1	14
	An Overview	14
	1.1 What is Remote Sensing?	14
	1.2 The Roots of Remote Sensing	16
	1.4 Systems Approach to Remote Sensing	27
	1.5 Remote Sensing System Development	28
	1.7 Summary	39
	1.8 Some Questions for Discussion	40
	References	41
	Chapter 2	42
	Principles of Remote Sensing	42
	2.1 Beyond Human Sensors and Controlled Environments	42
	2.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum	43
	2.4 Optics	49
	2.5 Radiation Measurement	52
	2.6 Interactions as a Function of State	53
	2.7 Atmospheric Effects	53
	2.8 Surface Interactions	55
	2.9 The Major Spectral Regions	57
	2.10 Interpretation of Remote Sensing Data	63
	2.11 Summary	64
	2.12 Some Questions for Discussion	65
	References	65
	Chapter 3	66
	Visible and Circumvisible Regions and Image Interpretation	66
	3.1 Significance of the Visible Spectrum	66
	3.2 The Source of Visible Light	66
	3.3 Production: Scattering at Surfaces	67
	3.4 Production: Electronic Absorption Features	69
	3.5 Production: Vibrational Absorption Features	72
	3.6 Albedo and Reflectivity	74
	3.7 Radiance, Reflectance, and Emittance	75
	3.8 Spectral Reflectance from Planetary Regoliths	76
	3.9 Color Theory	79
	3.10 Tonal Variations and Detectability	82
	3.11 Resolution and Resolving Power	84
	3.12 Photogrammetry	85
	3.13 Stereogrammetry	88
	3.14 Spectrometry	91
	3.15 Circumvisible Image Interpretation	92
	3.16 Characteristic Spectral Signatures	97
	3.17 Characteristic Structural and Morphological Signatures	100
	3.18 Spectral Reflectance Band Images	107
	3.19 Space Weathering, Maturity, and Composition Effects	108
	3.20 Detection: The First Capture of Visible Light	109
	3.21 Detection: History of Circumvisible Region Remote Sensing	112
	3.22 Detection: Current Imaging System Characteristics	116
	3.23 Detection: Non-Imaging Systems	120
	3.24 Detection: In Situ	121
	3.25 Summary	122
	3.26 Some Questions for Discussion	123
	References	124
	Chapter 4	127
	Ray Region: X–rays, Alpha Particles, Gamma– rays, Neutrons, UV	127
	4.1 Significance of the High Energy Spectrum	127
	4.2 Historical View of Elemental Abundance Mapping	127
	4.3 Ray Region Energetic Interaction at Planetary Surfaces	130
	4.4 Natural Radioactive Decay	131
	4.5 Alpha, Beta, Gamma and High Energy Particle Sources	132
	4.6 Production of Secondary Gamma–rays	133
	4.7 Production of Neutrons	137
	4.8 X–ray Sources	139
	4.9 Production of Secondary X–rays	141
	4.10 In Situ Particle Induced Energy Production and Analysis	145
	4.11 Ionizing Ultraviolet	147
	4.12 Analysis and Interpretation of Gamma–ray Spectra	149
	4.13 Analysis and Interpretation of Neutron Flux	154
	4.14 Analysis and Interpretation of X–ray Spectra	159
	4.15 In Situ Surface and Subsurface Techniques	163
	4.16 Planetology and the Ray Region	170
	4.17 Ray Region Data Products and Interpretation	171
	4.18 Detection of Gamma–rays and Neutrons	173
	4.19 Detection of X–rays	177
	4.20 Radiation Damage	181
	4.21 Summary	182
	4.22 Some Questions for Discussion	184
	References	185
	Chapter 5	191
	Longwave Region: Mid to Thermal Infrared, Microwave, and Radio	191
	5.1 Significance of the Longwave Region	191
	5.2 Energy Production in the Mid to Far Infrared	192
	5.3 Mid to Far Infrared Diagnostic Features	192
	5.4 Mid to Far Infrared Data Analysis	196
	5.5 Mid to Far Infrared Planetary Signatures	196
	5.6 Transition into Thermal Infrared	197
	5.7 Heat, Temperature, and Flux	198
	5.8 Thermal Energy Production and Parameters	199
	5.9 Thermal Infrared Data Analysis	203
	5.10 Thermal Infrared Signatures	205
	5.11 Infrared Sensors	207
	5.12 Passive Microwave	210
	5.13 Microwaves From Surfaces	210
	5.14 Microwaves From Atmospheres	212
	5.15 Microwaves From Liquid Surfaces	219
	5.16 Passive Microwave Measurements	220