| Foreword | 5 |
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| Preface | 7 |
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| Contents | 9 |
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| Contributors | 10 |
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| Gammarus spp. in Aquatic Ecotoxicology and Water Quality Assessment: Toward Integrated Multilevel Tests | 11 |
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| 1 Introduction | 12 |
| 2 Culturing of Gammarids | 15 |
| 3 Gammarids in Lethality Testing | 17 |
| 3.1 Pesticides, Metals, and Surfactants | 17 |
| 3.2 Extracted, Fractionated Sediments | 18 |
| 3.3 Coastal Sediment Toxicity | 18 |
| 4 Feeding Activity | 20 |
| 4.1 Time--Response Feeding Assays | 20 |
| 4.2 Food Choice Experiments | 26 |
| 4.3 Leaf-Mass Feeding Assays Linked to Food Consumption | 27 |
| 4.3.1 Feeding Activity and Survival Related to Toxicity or Abiotic Parameters (Ex Situ) | 28 |
| 4.3.2 Feeding Rate, Uptake, and Depuration | 29 |
| 4.4 Modeling of Feeding Activity and Rate | 29 |
| 4.4.1 Field Estimates of Feeding Rates -- Modeling, Ingestion, and Egestion Rates | 29 |
| 4.4.2 Carnivorous Feeding Activity | 30 |
| 4.5 Post-exposure Feeding Depression Assay | 30 |
| 4.6 Effects of Parasites on Gammarid Feeding Ecology | 31 |
| 5 Behavior | 32 |
| 5.1 Antipredator Behavior | 32 |
| 5.1.1 Drift Behavior Linked to Predators | 32 |
| 5.1.2 Drift Behavior Resulting from Pollution | 32 |
| 5.1.3 The Effect of Parasitism on Antipredator Behavior | 36 |
| 5.2 Multispecies Freshwater Biomonitor® (MFB) | 37 |
| 5.2.1 Method Description | 37 |
| 5.2.2 Behavioral Changes in the MFB Related to Toxic Effects | 37 |
| 5.2.3 Behavioral Early Warning Responses After Pulsed Exposures | 39 |
| 5.3 A Sublethal Pollution Bioassay with Pleopod Beat Frequency and Swimming Endurance | 39 |
| 5.4 Behavior in Combination with Other Endpoints | 39 |
| 5.4.1 Drift and Foraging Activity | 39 |
| 5.4.2 Species Interaction and Feeding Activity in a Toxic System | 40 |
| 5.4.3 Combined Assessment of Locomotory, Ventilatory, and Feeding Activity | 40 |
| 5.4.4 Combined Assessment of Re-pairing of Precopula Pairs and Feeding Rate | 41 |
| 6 Mode-of-Action Studies and Biomarkers | 41 |
| 6.1 Bioenergetic Responses, Excretion Rate and Respiration Rate | 42 |
| 6.1.1 O:N Ratio, Respiration, and Ammonia Excretion | 42 |
| 6.1.2 Energy Input and Output with ''Scope-for-Growth'' Assays | 42 |
| 6.2 Population Experiments, and Development and Reproduction Modeling | 51 |
| 6.2.1 Growth, Density, and Age Composition | 51 |
| 6.2.2 Life-History Traits | 52 |
| 6.2.3 Population Endpoints Combined with Body-Burden and Metallothionein Induction | 52 |
| 6.2.4 Embryogenesis | 52 |
| 6.2.5 Population Structure and Dynamics | 53 |
| 6.2.6 Population Experiments Combined with Modeling on Reproductive Output | 53 |
| 6.3 Endpoints and Biomarkers for Endocrine Disruption in Gammarids | 54 |
| 6.3.1 Vitellogenin-Like Proteins and Lipogenic Enzymes (ICD, ME, G6PD) | 55 |
| 6.3.2 Heat Shock Proteins (hsp90) as Biomarkers for Endocrine Disruption in Gammarids | 55 |
| 6.3.3 Chitin as a Biomarker for EDC Effects on Molting | 56 |
| 6.3.4 Sex Ratio and Precopula Pairs | 57 |
| 6.3.5 Gonad Histology and hsp90 | 57 |
| 6.3.6 Gametogenesis Activity and Gonad Maturation | 58 |
| 6.4 Other Specific Biomarkers for Detecting Multiple Stressors in Gammarids | 58 |
| 6.4.1 Heat Shock Proteins (hsc/hsp70) as Biomarkers for Stress Response in Gammarids | 58 |
| 6.4.2 Metallothioneins and Lipid Peroxidation as a Biomarker for Metal Exposure and Oxidative Stress | 59 |
| 6.4.3 Biomarkers to Assess Exoskeleton Integrity and the Molting Process | 60 |
| 6.4.4 (Acetyl)-Cholinesterase Activity as a Biomarker for Neurotoxicity | 60 |
| 6.4.5 Glutathione-S-Transferase Activity as a Biomarker for Detoxification | 62 |
| 6.4.6 ATP Content as a Biomarker for Mycelium Species Composition on Gammarid Diet | 62 |
| 7 Exposure Types | 63 |
| 7.1 Pulsed Exposure Assays and Models | 63 |
| 7.1.1 Pulsed Exposure, Uptake, and Elimination of Pesticides in Lab and In Situ | 63 |
| 7.1.2 Pulsed Exposure Models | 67 |
| 7.2 Sediment Toxicity Assays | 67 |
| 7.2.1 Sediment Tests with Marine Amphipods | 67 |
| 7.2.2 Sediment Assays Combined with Behavior | 68 |
| 7.3 In Situ Tests | 68 |
| 7.3.1 Ecological Relevance of In Situ Data | 68 |
| 7.3.2 In Situ Survival and Physiological Status | 70 |
| 7.3.3 In Situ Feeding Activity and Litter Breakdown | 70 |
| 7.3.4 In Situ Tests as Part of a Whole Effluent Toxicity Study | 71 |
| 7.3.5 In Situ Drift Behavior Resulting from Parasites | 72 |
| 8 Discussion | 72 |
| 8.1 Evaluation of Existing Methods | 72 |
| 8.2 Perspectives on a Multimetric Gammarus spp. Test System | 74 |
| 9 Summary | 75 |
| References | 76 |
| The Svalbard Glaucous Gull as Bioindicator Species in the European Arctic: Insight from 35 Years of Contaminants Research | 87 |
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| 1 Introduction | 88 |
| 2 Contaminant Levels and Patterns | 89 |
| 2.1 Legacy and Emerging Organochlorines | 89 |
| 2.2 Chiral Legacy Organochlorines | 91 |
| 2.3 Brominated Flame Retardants | 91 |
| 2.4 Hydroxyl- and Methylsulfonyl-containing Metabolites | 92 |
| 2.5 Per-fluorinated and Poly-fluorinated Alkyl Substances | 93 |
| 2.6 Trace Elements and Organometals | 93 |
| 2.7 Other Contaminants | 94 |
| 3 Temporal Trends | 94 |
| 3.1 Legacy Organochlorines | 94 |
| 3.2 Brominated Flame Retardants | 96 |
| 3.3 Mercury | 96 |
| 4 Factors Influencing Bioaccumulation | 96 |
| 4.1 Gender and Maternal Transfer | 96 |
| 4.2 Age | 97 |
| 4.3 Feeding Ecology and Trophic Levels | 97 |
| 4.4 Site-Specific Accumulation | 98 |
| 5 Biomarkers of Biological and Ecological Responses and Effects | 99 |
| 5.1 Biotransformation Enzymes and Porphyrins | 103 |
| 5.2 Retinoids | 103 |
| 5.3 Hormones and Transport Proteins | 104 |
| 5.3.1 Thyroid Hormones and Transport Proteins | 104 |
| 5.3.2 Gonadal Steroid Hormones | 105 |
| 5.3.3 Prolactin | 106 |
| 5.3.4 Glucocorticoids | 106 |
| 5.4 Basal Metabolism and Thermoregulation | 107 |
| 5.5 Immunity and Parasites | 108 |
| 5.5.1 White Blood Cells and Antibody Response | 108 |
| 5.5.2 Parasite Infection | 109 |
| 5.6 Chromosomes and DNA | 110 |
| 5.6.1 Chromosome Aberrations | 110 |
| 5.6.2 DNA Strand Break and Adduct Formation | 111 |
| 5.7 Egg Characteristics | 111 |
| 5.8 Feather Growth |