: David M. Whitacre
: David M. Whitacre
: Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 205
: Springer-Verlag
: 9781441956231
: 1
: CHF 136.20
:
: Biochemie, Biophysik
: English
: 168
: Wasserzeichen/DRM
: PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
: PDF

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology attempts to provide concise, critical reviews of timely advances, philosophy and significant areas of accomplished or needed endeavor in the total field of xenobiotics, in any segment of the environment, as well as toxicological implications.

Foreword5
Preface7
Contents9
Contributors10
Gammarus spp. in Aquatic Ecotoxicology and Water Quality Assessment: Toward Integrated Multilevel Tests11
1 Introduction12
2 Culturing of Gammarids15
3 Gammarids in Lethality Testing17
3.1 Pesticides, Metals, and Surfactants17
3.2 Extracted, Fractionated Sediments18
3.3 Coastal Sediment Toxicity18
4 Feeding Activity20
4.1 Time--Response Feeding Assays20
4.2 Food Choice Experiments26
4.3 Leaf-Mass Feeding Assays Linked to Food Consumption27
4.3.1 Feeding Activity and Survival Related to Toxicity or Abiotic Parameters (Ex Situ)28
4.3.2 Feeding Rate, Uptake, and Depuration29
4.4 Modeling of Feeding Activity and Rate29
4.4.1 Field Estimates of Feeding Rates -- Modeling, Ingestion, and Egestion Rates29
4.4.2 Carnivorous Feeding Activity30
4.5 Post-exposure Feeding Depression Assay30
4.6 Effects of Parasites on Gammarid Feeding Ecology31
5 Behavior32
5.1 Antipredator Behavior32
5.1.1 Drift Behavior Linked to Predators32
5.1.2 Drift Behavior Resulting from Pollution32
5.1.3 The Effect of Parasitism on Antipredator Behavior36
5.2 Multispecies Freshwater Biomonitor® (MFB)37
5.2.1 Method Description37
5.2.2 Behavioral Changes in the MFB Related to Toxic Effects37
5.2.3 Behavioral Early Warning Responses After Pulsed Exposures39
5.3 A Sublethal Pollution Bioassay with Pleopod Beat Frequency and Swimming Endurance39
5.4 Behavior in Combination with Other Endpoints39
5.4.1 Drift and Foraging Activity39
5.4.2 Species Interaction and Feeding Activity in a Toxic System40
5.4.3 Combined Assessment of Locomotory, Ventilatory, and Feeding Activity40
5.4.4 Combined Assessment of Re-pairing of Precopula Pairs and Feeding Rate41
6 Mode-of-Action Studies and Biomarkers41
6.1 Bioenergetic Responses, Excretion Rate and Respiration Rate42
6.1.1 O:N Ratio, Respiration, and Ammonia Excretion42
6.1.2 Energy Input and Output with ''Scope-for-Growth'' Assays42
6.2 Population Experiments, and Development and Reproduction Modeling51
6.2.1 Growth, Density, and Age Composition51
6.2.2 Life-History Traits52
6.2.3 Population Endpoints Combined with Body-Burden and Metallothionein Induction52
6.2.4 Embryogenesis52
6.2.5 Population Structure and Dynamics53
6.2.6 Population Experiments Combined with Modeling on Reproductive Output53
6.3 Endpoints and Biomarkers for Endocrine Disruption in Gammarids54
6.3.1 Vitellogenin-Like Proteins and Lipogenic Enzymes (ICD, ME, G6PD)55
6.3.2 Heat Shock Proteins (hsp90) as Biomarkers for Endocrine Disruption in Gammarids55
6.3.3 Chitin as a Biomarker for EDC Effects on Molting56
6.3.4 Sex Ratio and Precopula Pairs57
6.3.5 Gonad Histology and hsp9057
6.3.6 Gametogenesis Activity and Gonad Maturation58
6.4 Other Specific Biomarkers for Detecting Multiple Stressors in Gammarids58
6.4.1 Heat Shock Proteins (hsc/hsp70) as Biomarkers for Stress Response in Gammarids58
6.4.2 Metallothioneins and Lipid Peroxidation as a Biomarker for Metal Exposure and Oxidative Stress59
6.4.3 Biomarkers to Assess Exoskeleton Integrity and the Molting Process60
6.4.4 (Acetyl)-Cholinesterase Activity as a Biomarker for Neurotoxicity60
6.4.5 Glutathione-S-Transferase Activity as a Biomarker for Detoxification 62
6.4.6 ATP Content as a Biomarker for Mycelium Species Composition on Gammarid Diet62
7 Exposure Types63
7.1 Pulsed Exposure Assays and Models63
7.1.1 Pulsed Exposure, Uptake, and Elimination of Pesticides in Lab and In Situ63
7.1.2 Pulsed Exposure Models67
7.2 Sediment Toxicity Assays67
7.2.1 Sediment Tests with Marine Amphipods67
7.2.2 Sediment Assays Combined with Behavior68
7.3 In Situ Tests68
7.3.1 Ecological Relevance of In Situ Data68
7.3.2 In Situ Survival and Physiological Status70
7.3.3 In Situ Feeding Activity and Litter Breakdown70
7.3.4 In Situ Tests as Part of a Whole Effluent Toxicity Study71
7.3.5 In Situ Drift Behavior Resulting from Parasites72
8 Discussion72
8.1 Evaluation of Existing Methods72
8.2 Perspectives on a Multimetric Gammarus spp. Test System74
9 Summary75
References76
The Svalbard Glaucous Gull as Bioindicator Species in the European Arctic: Insight from 35 Years of Contaminants Research87
1 Introduction88
2 Contaminant Levels and Patterns89
2.1 Legacy and Emerging Organochlorines89
2.2 Chiral Legacy Organochlorines91
2.3 Brominated Flame Retardants91
2.4 Hydroxyl- and Methylsulfonyl-containing Metabolites92
2.5 Per-fluorinated and Poly-fluorinated Alkyl Substances93
2.6 Trace Elements and Organometals93
2.7 Other Contaminants94
3 Temporal Trends94
3.1 Legacy Organochlorines94
3.2 Brominated Flame Retardants96
3.3 Mercury96
4 Factors Influencing Bioaccumulation96
4.1 Gender and Maternal Transfer96
4.2 Age97
4.3 Feeding Ecology and Trophic Levels97
4.4 Site-Specific Accumulation98
5 Biomarkers of Biological and Ecological Responses and Effects99
5.1 Biotransformation Enzymes and Porphyrins103
5.2 Retinoids103
5.3 Hormones and Transport Proteins104
5.3.1 Thyroid Hormones and Transport Proteins104
5.3.2 Gonadal Steroid Hormones105
5.3.3 Prolactin106
5.3.4 Glucocorticoids106
5.4 Basal Metabolism and Thermoregulation107
5.5 Immunity and Parasites108
5.5.1 White Blood Cells and Antibody Response108
5.5.2 Parasite Infection109
5.6 Chromosomes and DNA110
5.6.1 Chromosome Aberrations110
5.6.2 DNA Strand Break and Adduct Formation111
5.7 Egg Characteristics111
5.8 Feather Growth