| Forword | 6 |
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| Acknowledgments | 7 |
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| Contents | 8 |
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| List of contributors | 10 |
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| Insulin Action in the Brain and the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease | 13 |
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| 1 The Insulin Signaling System | 13 |
| 2 Linking the Receptor to the Insulin and IGF-1 Signaling Pathways | 16 |
| 3 Regulation of the IRS and IGF-1 Receptors in Physiology and Pathophysiology | 17 |
| 4 Creation and Characterization of the Brain IR Knockout Mouse | 18 |
| 5 Impairment of insulin Signaling in Brain is Linked to Neurodegenerative Disease | 20 |
| 6 Insulin-degrading Enzyme in Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease and Metabolic Diseases | 22 |
| 7 Insulin, Diabetes, and Brain Cholesterol Metabolism | 24 |
| References | 26 |
| The Brain-insulin Connection, Metabolic Diseases and Related Pathologies | 33 |
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| 1 Introduction | 34 |
| 2 Central Interplay of Insulin with Hormones, Neuropeptides and Neurotransmitters | 35 |
| 3 Mechanisms of Action | 36 |
| 4 Metabolic, Mood and Neurodegenerative Pathologies | 38 |
| + | 43 |
| 5 Current treatment trends | 44 |
| 6 Conclusion | 45 |
| References | 46 |
| Insulin-Mediated Neuroplasticity in the Central Nervous System | 55 |
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| 1 Introduction | 56 |
| 2 Morphological Plasticity | 56 |
| 3 Oxidative Stress | 57 |
| 4 Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Dysfunction | 58 |
| 5 Insulin and the Glutamate System | 59 |
| 6 Leptin | 60 |
| 7 Insulin | 61 |
| 8 Conclusions | 62 |
| References | 63 |
| Stress Hormones and Neuroplasticity in the Diabetic Brain | 69 |
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| 1 Introduction | 69 |
| 2 Deficits in Hippocampal Structure and Function in Rodent Models of Diabetes | 70 |
| 3 Diabetes and the HPA Axis | 72 |
| 4 Effect of Diabetes on Hippocampal Structure and Function: A Role for Glucocorticoi
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