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Trauma Biomechanics Accidental injury in traffic and sports

:	Kai-Uwe Schmitt, Peter F. Niederer, Markus H. Muser, Felix Walz
:	Trauma Biomechanics Accidental injury in traffic and sports
:	Springer-Verlag
:	9783642037139
:	3
:	CHF 87.60
:

:	Medizin
:	English

:	249
:	DRM
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

Injury is a leading cause of death, hospitalisation and disability world-wide. The World Health Organization predicts that unintentional injuries arising from road traffic incidents will rise to take third place in the rank order of international disease burden by the year 2030. Although these statistics and the associated economic costs are staggering, the effect of unintentional injury and death from trauma is more apparent, and more disturbing, when seen personally. By a young age, nearly everyone in the world, regardless of region, wealth or education, has had a relative or someone that they know killed or disabled in an 'accident'. The quality of life and financial effects on the injured person and their families and friends are plainly evident and clearly devastating. Many unintentional injuries are in reality not accidents; they could be prevented with changes in policy, education, or through improved safety devices. Arrayed against these preventable injuries, a diverse group of injury prevention researchers and practitioners work to decrease the incidence of unintentional injury. In trauma biomechanics, the principles of mechanics are used to understand how injuries happen at the level of the bones, joints, organs and tissues of the body. This knowledge is central in the development, characterization and improvement of safety devices such as helmets and seat belts and in the safe design of vehicles and equipment used for transportation, occupation and recreation.

	Preface	5
	Preface - 2nd edition	7
	Acknowledgements	8
	Contents	9
	1 Introduction	13
	1.1 About the contents of this book	15
	1.2 Historical remarks	22
	1.3 References	28
	2 Methods in Trauma Biomechanics	29
	2.1 Statistics, field studies, databases	29
	2.2 Basic concepts of biomechanics	33
	2.3 Injury criteria, injury scales and injury risk	38
	2.4 Accident reconstruction	42
	2.5 Experimental models	46
	2.6 Standardised test procedures	51
	2.6.1 Anthropomorphic test devices	59
	2.7 Numerical methods	66
	2.8 Summary	70
	2.9 Exercises	71
	2.10 References	72
	3 Head Injuries	75
	3.1 Anatomy of the head	75
	3.2 Injuries and injury mechanisms	77
	3.3 Mechanical response of the head	82
	3.4 Injury criteria for head injuries	87
	3.4.1 Head Injury Criterion (HIC)	87
	3.4.2 Head Protection Criterion (HPC)	89
	3.4.3 3 ms criterion (a3ms)	89
	3.4.4 Generalized Acceleration Model for Brain Injury Threshold (GAMBIT)	89
	3.5 Head injuries in sports	91
	3.6 Head injury prevention	96
	3.6.1 Head injury prevention in pedestrians	97
	3.7 Summary	100
	3.8 Exercises	100
	3.9 References	101
	4 Spinal Injuries	106
	4.1 Anatomy of the spine	107
	4.2 Injury mechanisms	110
	4.3 Biomechanical response and tolerances	118
	4.4 Injury criteria	123
	4.4.1 Neck injury criterion NIC	124
	4.4.2 Nij neck injury criterion	125
	4.4.3 Neck protection criterion Nkm	126
	4.4.4 Lower Neck Load Index (LNL)	129
	4.4.5 Neck injury criteria in ECE and FMVSS	130
	4.4.6 Further neck injury criteria	132
	4.4.7 Correlating neck injury criteria to the injury risk	133
	4.5 Spinal injuries in sports	135
	4.6 Prevention of soft tissue neck injury	137
	4.6.1 Head restraint geometry and padding material	138
	4.6.2 Controlling head restraint position	140
	4.6.3 Controlling seat back motion	142
	4.7 Summary	144
	4.8 Exercises	144
	4.9 References	145
	5 Thoracic Injuries	154
	5.1 Anatomy of the thorax	154
	5.2 Injury mechanisms	156
	5.2.1 Rib fractures	158
	5.2.2 Lung injuries	159
	5.2.3 Injuries to other thoracic organs	160
	5.3 Biomechanical response	164
	5.3.1 Frontal loading	164
	5.3.2 Lateral loading	168
	5.4 Injury tolerances and criteria	170
	5.4.1 Acceleration and force	170
	5.4.2 Thoracic Trauma Index (TTI)	171
	5.4.3 Compression Criterion (C)	172
	5.4.4 Viscous Criterion (VC)	172
	5.4.5 Combined Thoracic Index (CTI)	173
	5.4.6 Other criteria	173
	5.5 Thoracic injuries in sports	174
	5.6 Summary	174
	5.7 Exercises	174
	5.8 References	176
	6 Abdominal Injuries	179
	6.1 Anatomy of the abdomen	179
	6.2 Injury mechanisms	180
	6.3 Testing the biomechanical response	183
	6.4 Injury tolerance	185
	6.4.1 Injury criteria	186
	6.5 Influence of seat belt use	187
	6.6 Abdominal injuries in sports	188
	6.7 Summary	188
	6.8 Exercises	188
	6.9 References	189
	7 Injuries of the Pelvis and the Lower Extremities	192
	7.1 Anatomy of the lower limbs	192
	7.2 Injury mechanisms	194
	7.2.1 Injuries of the pelvis and the proximal femur	199
	7.2.2 Leg, knee and foot injury	201
	7.3 Impact tolerance of the pelvis and the lower extremities	203
	7.4 Injury criteria	207
	7.4.1 Compression force	208
	7.4.2 Femur Force Criterion (FFC)	208
	7.4.3 Tibia Index (TI)	208
	7.4.4 Other criteria	209
	7.5 Pelvic and lower extremity injuries in sports	209
	7.6 Prevention of lower extremity injuries	213
	7.6.1 Pedestrian injury countermeasures	214
	7.7 Summary	215
	7.8 Exercises	215
	7.9 References	217
	8 Injuries of the Upper Extremities	222
	8.1 Anatomy of the upper limbs	222
	8.2 Injury incidences and mechanisms	224
	8.3 Impact tolerance	226
	8.4 Injury criteria and evaluation of injury risk from airbags	228
	8.5 Upper extremity injuries in sports	230
	8.6 Summary	235
	8.7 Exercises	235
	8.8 References	236
	9 Impairment and injuries resulting from chronic mechanical exposure	240
	9.1 Occupational health	244
	9.2 Sports	246
	9.2.1 Non contact sports	246
	9.2.2 Contact sports	248
	9.3 Household work	248
	9.4 Summary	248
	9.5 References	249
	10 Solutions to exercises	251
	11 Subject Index	255