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Hot Topics in Infection and Immunity in Children VI

:	Andrew J. Pollard, Nigel Curtis, Adam Finn
:	Adam Finn, Nigel Curtis, Andrew J. Pollard
:	Hot Topics in Infection and Immunity in Children VI
:	Springer-Verlag
:	9781441909817
:	Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
:	1
:	CHF 135.30
:

:	Nichtklinische Fächer
:	English

:	206
:	Wasserzeichen/DRM
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

Course covers topics in infectious diseases in children and is intended for Pediatric Infectious disease trainees, trainers, and all those who manage children with infections.

Each of the chapters in this book is based on a lecture given at the sixth 'Infection and Immunity in Children' course, held at the end of June 2008 at Keble College, Oxford.

Thus, it is the sixth book in a series that provides succinct and readable updates on just about every aspect of the discipline of Pediatric Infectious Diseases.

	Preface	6
	Acknowledgments	7
	Contents	8
	Contributors	10
	Infections in the Immunocompromised	13
	1 Introduction	13
	2 Types of Immunodeficiency and Infection	13
	3 Site of Infection	14
	4 Respiratory Tract	15
	4.1 Pneumocystis jiroveci Pneumonia (PCP)	16
	4.2 Viruses	17
	5 Gut	18
	5.1 Viruses	18
	5.2 Cryptosporidium	19
	5.3 Giardia	19
	6 Disseminated Infection	19
	6.1 Adenovirus	20
	6.2 Cytomegalovirus	21
	6.3 Epstein Barr Virus	21
	6.4 Human Herpes Virus 6	22
	6.5 Varicella Zoster Virus	22
	7 Fungal Infections	22
	7.1 Candidiasis	23
	7.2 Aspergillosis	24
	8 Central Venous Catheter Infections	24
	9 Febrile Neutropenia	25
	10 Conclusions	27
	References	28
	Host Biomarkers and Paediatric Infectious Diseases: From Molecular Profiles to Clinical Application	31
	1 Introduction	31
	2 Molecular Profiling: Current Techniques	32
	2.1 Genomics	32
	2.2 Transcriptomics	33
	2.3 Proteomics	33
	3 Clinical Applications in Pediatric Infectious Diseases	34
	3.1 What Has Been Studied up to now?	34
	3.2 Current and Potential Clinical Applications of ''''omic'' Technologies	37
	3.3 Future Perspectives for Biomarker Development	39
	4 Conclusions	40
	References	41
	The Epidemiology and Management of Non Typhoidal Salmonella Infections	44
	1 Introduction	44
	2 Seasonality of NTS infections	49
	3 Malaria, Anemia and NTS infection	50
	4 Malnutrition and NTS Infection	50
	5 HIV and NTS infection	51
	6 NTS Recurrence and Relapse	51
	7 Treatment of NTS Infections	51
	References	52
	Where Does Campylobacter Come From? A Molecular Odyssey	58
	1 Introduction	58
	2 Campylobacter Typing and Population Structure	59
	3 Epidemiology of Human Infection	60
	4 Host Association Studies of Chickens, Geese and Starlings	61
	5 Genetics of Host Association and Speciation	63
	6 Conclusion Impact of Molecular Epidemiology on Control of Human Infection	64
	References	65
	Why Are Some Babies Still Being Infected with HIV in the UK?	68
	1 Introduction	68
	2 Risk Factors for Transmission	68
	3 British HIV Association Guidelines 2008	70
	4 Transmission in the Era of HAART	71
	5 Clinical Scenario Emergency Management of a New Diagnosis of Maternal HIV at Delivery	75
	5.1 What Should be Done Before the Baby Is Born?	75
	5.2 Which Antiretrovirals Should be Started for the Baby?	75
	5.3 What Should be Done if the Mother is in Premature Labour?	77
	5.4 How Should the Infant be Tested for HIV?	77
	5.5 When Should Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis be Started?	77
	5.6 What Is the Appropriate Management of a Mother Diagnosed with HIV Antenatally Who Has R efused Any Interventions?	78
	6 Conclusions	78
	References	79
	The Use and Abuse of Antibiotics and the Developmentof Antibiotic Resistance	83
	1 Introduction	83
	2 Antibiotic Resistance Is Inevitable	83
	3 Antibiotic Overuse and Misuse Is a Major Problem	84
	4 Antibiotic Use (and Abuse) Drives the Development of Resistance	85
	5 The Role of Antibiotic Use and Overuse in Facilitating the Emergence and Spread of Antibiotic-Resistant Pathogens Is Complex	86
	6 The Role of Antibiotic Use and Overuse in Facilitating the Emergence and Spread of Specific Antibiotic-Resistant Gram-Positive Pathogens in Pediatrics Pneumococci, Staphylococci and Enterococci	86
	6.1 Penicillin and Cephalosporin-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae	86
	6.2 Community-Associated, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA)	87
	6.3 Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci ( VRE )	88
	7 Promoting Rational and Judicious Antibiotic Use	Is This a Pipe Dream?
	8 Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations	89
	References	90
	Vaccination Against Varicella: Whats the Point?	93
	1 Introduction	93
	References	96
	What Can We Learn from the Retina in Severe Malaria?	98
	1 Introduction	98
	2 Malarial Retinopathy The Components	98
	3 How to See Malarial Retinopathy	100
	4 The Prognostic Value of Retinopathy	102
	5 Malarial Retinopathy in Clinical Practice and Research	102
	6 Retinal Angiography in CM	103
	7 Pathogenesis of Retinal Findings and Potential Relevance to the Pathogenesis of Cerebral Disease	103
	8 Summary	105
	References	106
	Epidemiology and Prevention of Neonatal Candidiasis: Fluconazole for All Neonates?	107
	1 Scope of the Problem	107
	2 Risk Factors for ICI	107
	3 Incidence of ICI	109
	4 ICI Variation Among NICUs	109
	5 Candida Species and ICI	110
	6 Neurodevelopmental Impairment	110
	7 Mortality	111
	8 Costs of ICI	112
	9 Prompt and Empiric Treatment of ICI	112
	10 Prophylaxis	112
	10.1 Fluconazole	112
	10.2 Combined Outcome of ICI or Mortality	116
	10.3 Meta-Analysis and Cochrane Review	116
	10.4 Resistance and Safety	117
	10.5 Side Effects of Fluconazole Prophylaxis	118
	10.6 Cost-Benefit Ratio	119
	11 Nystatin	119
	12 Fluconazole or Nystatin?	120
	12.1 Class 1 Evidence for the Use of Fluconazole Prophylaxis	120
	13 Deciding Who is High-Risk	120
	14 Who Should Receive Antifungal Prophylaxis?	120
	15 Dosage and Schedule	122
	16 Summary	122
	References	123
	Current Status of Treatment of Hepatitis B in Children	128
	1 Introduction	128
	2 Diagnosis and Natural History	129
	3 Management of Chronic HBV Infection	129
	4 Antiviral Therapy	130
	5 Aim of Treatment	130
	6 Indications for Treatment	131
	6.1 Interferon	131
	6.2 Lamivudine	132
	6.3 Adefovir Dipivoxil	132