| Preface | 5 |
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| Contents | 7 |
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| Chapter 1 | 9 |
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| Early Postmortem Changes and Stages of Decomposition | 9 |
| 1.1 Introduction | 9 |
| 1.2 Early Postmortem Changes | 11 |
| 1.2.1 Livor Mortis | 11 |
| 1.2.2 Rigor Mortis | 12 |
| 1.2.3 Algor Mortis | 13 |
| 1.2.4 Tache Noir | 14 |
| 1.2.5 Greenish Discoloration | 14 |
| 1.2.6 Marbling | 14 |
| 1.2.7 Skin Slippage | 15 |
| 1.2.8 Mummification | 16 |
| 1.2.9 Saponification | 16 |
| 1.2.10 Putrefaction | 16 |
| 1.3 Decomposers | 17 |
| 1.3.1 Bacteria | 17 |
| 1.3.2 Fungi/Molds | 18 |
| 1.3.3 Insects | 18 |
| 1.3.4 Vertebrate Scavengers | 18 |
| 1.4 Factors Delaying Decomposition | 18 |
| 1.4.1 Physical Barriers | 18 |
| 1.4.2 Chemical Barriers | 19 |
| 1.4.3 Climatic Factors | 19 |
| 1.5 Relationships of Insects to a Body | 19 |
| 1.5.1 Necrophagous Species | 20 |
| 1.5.2 Predators and Parasites of Necrophagous Species | 21 |
| 1.5.3 Omnivorous Species | 21 |
| 1.5.4 Adventive Species | 23 |
| 1.5.5 Accidentals | 23 |
| 1.6 Stages of Decomposition | 23 |
| 1.6.1 Numbers of Stages | 23 |
| 1.6.2 Fresh Stage | 24 |
| 1.6.3 Bloated Stage | 25 |
| 1.6.4 Decay Stage | 25 |
| 1.6.5 Postdecay Stage | 26 |
| 1.6.6 Skeletal/Remains Stage | 27 |
| 1.7 Protocol for Decomposition Studies | 29 |
| 1.7.1 Animal Model | 29 |
| 1.7.2 Arrangement of the Animals at the Site | 29 |
| 1.7.3 Climatic Data | 30 |
| 1.7.4 Sampling | 30 |
| 1.7.5 Identifications | 31 |
| Chapter 2 | 33 |
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| Keys for Identification of Immature Insects | 33 |
| 2.1 Introduction | 33 |
| 2.2 Anatomical Features of Dipteran Immature Stages | 33 |
| 2.2.1 Egg Morphology | 34 |
| 2.2.2 Larval Morphology | 34 |
| 2.2.3 Puparium Morphology | 36 |
| 2.3 Taxonomic Keys | 36 |
| 2.3.1 Key to Larvae and/or Nymphs of Hexapod Orders | 36 |
| 2.3.2 Key to larvae of major Diptera families | 39 |
| 2.3.3 Key to Third Instar Larvae of the Most Carrion Breeding and Feeding Dipteran Species from Brazil | 47 |
| 2.3.3.1 Nomenclature according to Fig. 2.3 | 47 |
| Chapter 3 | 51 |
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| Key for the Identification of Third Instars of European Blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) of Forensic Importance | 51 |
| 3.1 Introduction | 51 |
| 3.2 Material and Methods | 53 |
| 3.3 General Morphology | 54 |
| 3.4 Key | 59 |
| Chapter 4 | 65 |
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| The Utility of Coleoptera in Forensic Investigations | 65 |
| 4.1 Introduction |