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Electrochemistry for the Environment

:	Christos Comninellis, Guohua Chen
:	Christos Comninellis, Guohua Chen
:	Electrochemistry for the Environment
:	Springer-Verlag
:	9780387683188
:	1
:	CHF 155.60
:

:	Physikalische Chemie
:	English

:	563
:	Wasserzeichen/DRM
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

Wastewater treatment technology is undergoing a profound transformation due to the fundamental changes in regulations governing the discharge and disposal of h- ardous pollutants. Established design procedures and criteria, which have served the industry well for decades, can no longer meet the ever-increasing demand. Toxicity reduction requirements dictate in the development of new technologies for the treatment of these toxic pollutants in a safe and cost-effective manner. Fo- most among these technologies are electrochemical processes. While electrochemical technologies have been known and utilized for the tre- ment of wastewater containing heavy metal cations, the application of these p- cesses is only just a beginning to be developed for the oxidation of recalcitrant organic pollutants. In fact, only recently the electrochemical oxidation process has been rec- nized as an advanced oxidation process (AOP). This is due to the development of boron-doped diamond (BDD) anodes on which the oxidation of organic pollutants is mediated via the formation of active hydroxyl radicals.

This 350 pages volume contains the contributions from 18 international experts on the key topics concerning environmental chemistry. It is co-edited by Dr. Chen and Prof. Comninellis. Dr. Chen has been working actively in this field for nearly 10 years and is currently an Editor ofSeparation and Purification Technology. Professor Comninellis is an international authority on environmental electrochemistry with over 30 years of experiences. He is the Chairman of the Electrochemical Process Division of the International Society of Electrochemistry.

	Preface	5
	Contents	7
	Contributors	9
	1 Basic Principles of the Electrochemical Mineralization of Organic Pollutants for Wastewater Treatment	12
	1.1 Introduction	12
	1.2 Thermodynamics of the Electrochemical Mineralization	13
	1.3 Mechanism of the Electrochemical Mineralization	16
	1.3.1 Activation of Water by Dissociative Adsorption	17
	1.3.2 Activation of Water by Electrolytic Discharge	17
	1.4 Influence of Anode Material on the Reactivity of Electrolytic Hydroxyl Radicals	18
	1.5 Determination of the Current Efficiency of the Electrochemical Mineralization	20
	1.5.1 Determination of ICE by the Chemical Oxygen Demand Technique	21
	1.5.2 Determination of ICE by the Oxygen Flow Rate Technique	22
	1.6 Kinetic Model of Organics Mineralization on BDD Anode	22
	1.6.1 Influence of the Nature of Organic Pollutants	26
	1.6.2 Influence of Organic Concentration	27
	1.6.3 Influence of Applied Current Density	27
	1.7 Intermediates Formed During the Electrochemical Mineralization Process Using BDD	28
	1.8 Electrical Energy Consumption in the Electrochemical Mineralization Process	30
	1.9 Optimization of the Electrochemical Mineralization Using BDD Anodes	30
	1.10 Fouling and Corrosion of BDD Anodes	32
	References	32
	2 Importance of Electrode Material in the Electrochemical Treatment of Wastewater Containing Organic Pollutants	35
	2.1 Introduction	35
	2.2 Electrochemical Parameters	36
	2.3 Oxidation Mechanisms	37
	2.4 Electrode Materials	40
	2.4.1 Carbon and Graphite	40
	2.4.2 Platinum	43
	2.4.3 Dimensionally Stable Anodes	45
	2.4.4 Tin Dioxide	49
	2.4.5 Lead Dioxide	51
	2.4.6 Boron-Doped Diamond	52
	2.5 Conclusions	57
	References	58
	3 Techniques of Electrode Fabrication	65
	3.1 Thermal Decomposition Method	65
	3.1.1 Ruthenium-Oxide-Based Electrode (RuOx)	68
	3.1.2 Iridium-Oxide-Based Electrode (IrO2)	68
	3.1.3 Tin-Dioxide-Based Electrode (SnO2)	69
	3.1.4 Tantalum-Oxide-Based Electrode (Ta2 O5)	71
	3.1.5 Rhodium-Oxide-Based Electrode (RhOx)	72
	3.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)	72
	3.3 Surface Modifications	83
	3.3.1 Metal Film Deposition	83
	3.3.2 Metal Ion Implantation	84
	3.3.3 Electrochemical Activation	84
	3.3.4 Organic Surface Coating	84
	3.3.5 Nanoparticle Deposition	85
	3.3.6 GOx Enzyme-Modified Electrode	87
	3.3.6.1 Chemical Deposition	87
	3.3.6.2 Sol--Gel Method	89
	3.3.6.3 Electrochemical Deposition	89
	3.3.7 DNA-Modified Electrode	89
	3.4 Ultramicro- or Nanoscale Electrode	90
	3.5 Concluding Remarks	95
	References	96
	4 Modeling of Electrochemical Process for the Treatment of Wastewater Containing Organic Pollutants	109
	4.1 Why Is It Important to Use Mathematical Modeling in Electrochemical Wastewater Treatment?	109
	4.2 Mathematical Modeling in Chemical Engineering	110
	4.3 Selection of the Description Level in Electrochemical Coagulation and Oxidation Processes	112
	4.4 Constitutive Equations for Electrochemical Oxidation and Coagulation Processes	117
	4.4.1 Mass-Transfer Processes	117
	4.4.2 Electrochemical Processes	118
	4.4.3 Chemical Processes	120
	4.5 Electrochemical Oxidation Models	121
	4.5.1 A Single-Variable Model to Describe the Time-Course of the COD During Electrochemical Oxidation Processes	122
	4.5.2 A Multivariable Model to Describe the Time Course of Pollutant, Intermediates, and Final Products During Electrochemical Oxidation Processes	123
	4.6 Electrochemical Coagulation Models	128
	4.6.1 A Single-Variable Model to Describe Electrochemical Coagulation Controlled by Hydrodynamic Conditions	128
	4.6.2 A Multivariable Model to Describe Electrochemical Coagulation Based on Pseudoequilibrium Approaches	129
	4.6.3 A Multivariable Model to Describe Electrochemical Dissolution Processes	130
	4.7 Conclusions	133
	References	133
	5 Green Electroorganic Synthesis Using BDD Electrodes	135
	5.1 Introduction	135
	5.2 Experimental Equipment and Practical Aspects	137
	5.3 Anodic Transformations	138
	5.3.1 Alkoxylation Reactions	139
	5.3.2 Cleavage of C, C-Bonds