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Introduction to Wind Energy Systems Basics, Technology and Operation

:	Hermann-Josef Wagner, Jyotirmay Mathur
:	Introduction to Wind Energy Systems Basics, Technology and Operation
:	Springer-Verlag
:	9783642020230
:	1
:	CHF 41.40
:

:	Wärme-, Energie- und Kraftwerktechnik
:	English

:	87
:	Wasserzeichen
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

Authors have tried to strike a balance between a short book chapter and a very detailed book for subject experts. There were three prime reasons behind doing so: first, the field is quite interdisciplinary and requires simplified presentation for a person from non-parent discipline. Second reason for this short-version of a full book is that both the authors have seen students and technically oriented people, searching for this type of book on wind energy. Third reason and motivation was considering engineers who are starting their career in wind industry. This book is targeted to present a good starting background to such professionals.

Hermann-Josef Wagner is Professor for Energy Systems and Energy Economics at the Ruhr-University of Bochum, Germany. He worked as a scientist for the Research Centre Juelich, for the German Parliament and for different universities. His relevant experiences are on the fields on energy systems analysis, renewable energies like wind energy and life cycle analysis.

is a mechanical engineer postgraduate in energy studies from Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India; and doctorate from University of Essen, Germany. He specializes in the areas of renewable energy systems, energy policy modelling and energy efficiency. Working as Reader in the Malaviya National Institute of Technology in Jaipur, Dr. Mathur has been founder coordinator of the postgraduate program in energy engineering. He is involved with several committees of national importance in India.

	Preface	5
	Contents	6
	List of Figures	9
	List of Tables	11
	About the Authors	12
	1 Wind Energy Today	13
	1.1 Status	13
	1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Wind Energy Systems	14
	1.2.1 Advantages	15
	1.2.2 Disadvantages	15
	1.3 Different Types of Wind Energy Converters: An Overview	15
	2 Wind: Origin and Local Effects	19
	2.1 Origin and Global Availability	19
	2.2 Local Effects on Wind Flow	19
	2.3 Attractive Locations for Wind Energy	21
	2.4 Local Effects on Wind Flow	22
	2.4.1 Roughness Length and Wind Shear	22
	2.4.2 Wind Speed Variability	22
	2.4.3 Turbulence	23
	2.4.4 Obstacles to Wind Flow	24
	2.4.5 The Wind Wake and Park Effect	25
	2.4.6 The Hill Effect and Tunnel Effect	25
	2.5 Selecting a Turbine Site	26
	3 Physics of Wind Energy	28
	3.1 Energy Content in Wind	28
	3.2 Energy Conversion at the Blade	30
	3.3 Power Coefficients and Principles of Design	32
	3.3.1 Coefficient of Power c p and Betz' Law	32
	3.3.2 Tip Speed Ratio	33
	3.3.3 Power Efficiency	33
	3.3.4 Principles of Design	35
	3.4 Wind Variations	35
	3.4.1 Wind Shear with Height	35
	3.4.2 Influence of Weibull Distribution	37
	4 Components of a Wind Energy Converter	40
	4.1 Rotor Blades	40
	4.2 Gearboxes	42
	4.3 Generators	43
	4.3.1 Generating Voltage generating voltage	43
	4.3.2 Generator Cooling System	43
	4.3.3 Generator Rotational Speed	43
	4.3.4 Two Speed, Pole Changing Generators	45
	4.4 Towers	45
	4.5 Miscellaneous Components	46
	5 Design Considerations	51
	5.1 Rotor Area of Turbines	51
	5.1.1 Reasons for Choosing Large Turbines	51
	5.1.2 Reasons for Choosing Smaller Turbines	51
	5.2 Number of Blades	52
	5.3 Horizontal or Vertical Axis Turbine	53
	5.4 Upwind upwind or Downwind Turbine	55
	5.5 Load Considerations for Turbine Selection	56
	5.6 Wind Turbines: With or Without Gearbox	57
	5.7 Requirement of Grid, Synchronous or Asynchronous Generators	59
	5.8 Issue of Noise and Its Control	63
	6 Operation and Control of Wind Energy Converters	66
	6.1 Power Curve and Capacity Factor	66
	6.1.1 Power Curve	66
	6.1.2 Capacity Factor	67
	6.2 Power Control of Wind Turbines	68
	6.2.1 Pitch Control	69
	6.2.1.1 Running a Pitch Controlled Turbine at Variable Speed	70
	6.2.2 Stall Control	71
	6.2.2.1 Passive Stall Control	71
	6.2.2.2 Active Stall Control	72
	6.2.3 The Yaw Control	72
	6.3 Connection to the Grid	73
	6.3.1 Applications of Wind Energy Converters	73
	6.3.2 Voltage Requirement	74
	6.3.3 Special Aspects of the Connection of Offshore Wind Parks	74
	7 Economics and Policy Issues	77
	7.1 Cost of Wind Turbines cost of wind turbine	77
	7.1.1 Initial Cost of Wind Turbine	77
	7.1.2 Operation and Maintenance Costs for Wind Turbines	78
	7.1.2.1 Operation Maintenance Costs	78
	7.1.2.2 Turbine Reinvestment (Refurbishment, Major Overhauls)	78
	7.1.2.3 The Availability Factor availability factor	79
	7.2 Electrical Tariffs	79
	7.3 Mechanisms to Support Funding	81
	7.3.1 Capacity Credit	81
	7.3.2 Environmental Credit environmental credit and Clear Development Mechanism	82
	7.3.3 Tax Benefits tax benefit	82
	7.4 Wind Energy Economics	82
	7.4.1 Financial Analysis -- A Case Study for India	83
	7.4.2 Financing financing of a Wind Park -- A Case in Germany	83
	7.5 Wind Turbines After Operational Life	85
	8 Outlook	86
	Glossary	87
	Literature	88
	Index	89