| Preface | 5 |
|---|
| Contents | 6 |
|---|
| List of Figures | 10 |
|---|
| List of Tables | 12 |
|---|
| 1 Executive Summary | 15 |
|---|
| 1.1 Objectives of the EduaR | 15 |
| 16 | 15 |
|---|
| 1.2 The Conceptual Approach | 17 |
| 1.3 Results | 20 |
| 1.3.1 Analysis of Energy Technology and Energy | 20 |
| Economics Aspects | 20 |
| 1.3.2 General Conclusions on the Developed Method | 21 |
| 1.3.3 Specific Conclusions and Recommendations | 22 |
| for the Four Technologies | 22 |
| 1.3.4 The Manual Ò The Product of this Project | 25 |
| 1.4 Outlook | 25 |
| 2 Introduction and Objectives of the EduaR | 25 |
|---|
| 26 | 25 |
|---|
| 2.1 Objectives of the EduaR | 25 |
| 27 | 25 |
|---|
| Reference | 28 |
| 3 The Conceptual Approach | 29 |
|---|
| 3.1 Basic Idea: Three Angles of Analysis | 30 |
| 3.2 Selection of Energy Technologies Based on Energy Technology and Energy Economics Criteria | 32 |
| 3.2.1 Applied Boundary Conditions and Energy Economics Projections | 37 |
| 3.2.2 Decentralized Electricity and Heat Generation - Fuel Cell Options and Their Competitors | 39 |
| 3.2.3 Low-Energy and Passive Houses and Buildings | 40 |
| 3.2.4 Carbon Capture and Storage from Coal-Based Power Plants | 43 |
| 3.2.5 Industrial Furnaces | 45 |
| 3.3 Delineation of a Technology | 46 |
| 3.4 The Analysis of the Technology Cycle | 47 |
| 3.4.1 General Model | 47 |
| 3.4.2 Empirical Analysis and Indicators | 48 |
| 3.4.3 Lessons from Previous Assessments | 50 |
| 3.4.4 Policy Implications | 52 |
| 3.5 Innovation System Approach | 53 |
| 3.5.1 Definition of Technological Innovation Systems | 53 |
| 3.5.2 Key Questions and Methodological Approach | 54 |
| 3.6 Integration of the Methodologies and Policy Aspects | 59 |
| 3.6.1 The Contributions of the Methodological Approaches to Policy Design | 59 |
| 3.6.2 Market and System Failures and Policy Instruments in the Technology Cycle | 59 |
| 3.7 Structure of the Analysis – Overview | 73 |
| References | 75 |
| 4 Fuel Cell Technologies | 78 |
|---|
| 4.1 Technology Description and Energy-Economic Significance | 78 |
| 4.2 The Analysis on the Micro-Level | 80 |
| 4.2.1 Technological and Economic Challenges | 80 |
| 4.2.2 Position in the Technology Cycle | 82 |
| 4.3 The Technological Innovation System | 95 |
| 4.3.1 The Overall System | 95 |
| 4.3.2 The Various Elements of the Innovation System and Their Roles | 97 |
| 4.3.3 Intermediaries, Financial and Other Institutions | 99 |
| 4.3.4 Regulation | 104 |
| 4.3.5 Co-Operations | 104 |
| 4.3.6 Drivers of Future Markets | 105 |
| 4.4 Obstacles and Market Imperfections | 105 |
| 4.4.1 Risk-Aversion as a Result of Unfulfilled Promises | 106 |
| 4.4.2 Framework Conditions (Energy Basis, Energy Price) | 106 |
| 4.4.3 Strong Developments in Alternative Technologies | 106 |
| 4.4.4 System | 106 |
| 4.5 Implications for Public Policy | 108 |
| 4.5.1 Bottlenecks and Opportunities | 108 |
| 4.5.2 Policy Recommendations | 111 |
| References | 114 |
| 5 Passive Houses and Buildings | 116 |
|---|
| 5.1 Description of the Passive House Technology and Energy | 116 |
| 5.1 Description of the Passive House Technology and Energy Economic Relevance | 116 |
| 5.1.1 Superinsulation | 118 |
| 5.1.2 Heat Recovery Systems with Active Heating or Cooling Components | 119 |
| 5.1.3 Windows and Passive Solar Gains | 120 |
| 5.1.4 Competing Concepts | 120 |
| 5.2 Analysis at the Micro Level | 122 |
| 5.2.1 Technological and Economical Challenges | 122 |
| 5.2.2 Passive House Technologies in the Technology Cycle | 123 |
| 5.3 The Technological Innovation System | 129 |
| 5.3.1 The Overall System | 129 |
| 5.3.2 The Various Elements of the Innovation System and Their Roles | 132 |
| 5.3.3 Public Policy | 145 |
| 5.3.4 Regulation | 146 |
| 5.3.5 Collaboration | 147 |
| 5.4 Implications for Public Funding and Intervention | 147 |
| 5.4.1 Bottlenecks and Opportunities | 147 |
| 5.4.2 Policy Recommendations | 149 |
|
