| Preface | 5 |
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| Contents | 6 |
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| Part I | 10 |
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| Introduction | 11 |
| Legal Positivism and Real Entities | 12 |
| 2.1 Introduction | 12 |
| 2.2 The Expositor and the Censor | 13 |
| 2.3 Facts Underlying Prescription | 13 |
| 2.4 Law Treated as a Real Entity | 14 |
| 2.5 Description of the Real Entity | 16 |
| 2.6 Problems | 17 |
| 2.7 Utilitarianism | 18 |
| 2.8 Conclusion | 20 |
| References | 21 |
| H.L.A. Hart and the Framework of Legal Thought | 22 |
| 3.1 Introduction | 22 |
| 3.2 Hart’s Description | 23 |
| 3.3 Critical Observations regarding Hart’s Descriptive Project | 26 |
| 3.4 Justification and Obligation | 30 |
| References | 33 |
| Joseph Raz – the Social Thesis and the Sources Thesis | 34 |
| 4.1 Description | 34 |
| 4.2 Objections | 38 |
| References | 39 |
| Ronald Dworkin and Restricted Legal Interpretation | 40 |
| 5.1 Introduction | 40 |
| 5.2 Outline of Dworkin’s Theory | 41 |
| 5.3 Principles and Theoretical Disagreement | 42 |
| 5.4 The Separation of Principle and Policy | 43 |
| 5.5 Dworkin’s Treatment of His Adversaries | 45 |
| 5.6 Evaluation of Dworkin’s Argumentation | 47 |
| 5.7 Conclusion | 51 |
| References | 52 |
| Part II | 53 |
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| Common Approaches in Reasoning | 54 |
| The Modernist Approach | 55 |
| 7.1 Distinguishing Traits | 55 |
| 7.2 The Distinguishing Ideas and Classical Philosophy | 56 |
| 7.3 Ideals for Description | 59 |
| 7.4 Realism and Anti-Realism | 59 |
| References | 60 |
| Scepticism, Relativism, Perspectivism … | 61 |
| 8.1 A Postmodernist Alternative to the Modernist Approach? | 61 |
| 8.2 Historical Vestiges of the Approach | 61 |
| 8.3 Meaning and Truth | 66 |
| References | 81 |
| Descriptive Theory of Law | 83 |
| 9.1 The Descriptive Ambition | 83 |
| 9.2 The Object Described by Descriptive Theory of Law | 84 |
| 9.3 Arguments for Description | 87 |
| 9.4 Value Judgements | 89 |
| 9.5 Conclusion | 90 |
| References | 90 |
| Interpretation | 91 |
| 10.1 Introduction | 91 |
| 10.2 Stanley Fish | 92 |
| References | 95 |
| The Quest for the Description of the Law | 96 |
| 11.1 Consensus about Law | 96 |
| 11.2 The Goal-Theory of Law | 97 |
| 11.3 Is and Ought | 98 |
| 11.4 Why Question the Quest? | 99 |
| References | 100 |
| Appendix | 101 |
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| The Originality and Power of the Throwing Thrown | 102 |
| References | 106 |
| Compilation of Law Cases | 107 |
| Bibliography | 108 |
| Index | 111 |