| Preface | 6 |
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| Foreword to the First Edition | 10 |
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| Foreword to the Second Edition | 13 |
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| Acknowledgments | 15 |
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| About the Authors | 17 |
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| Contents | 18 |
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| 1 Introduction | 24 |
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| 1.1 Some Historical Background | 24 |
| 1.2 Removal of Particles from Gases | 29 |
| 1.3 A Closer Look at Centrifugal Gas Cleaning Devices | 35 |
| 2 Basic Ideas | 45 |
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| 2.1 Gas Flow | 45 |
| 2.2 Particle Motion | 49 |
| 2.3 Particle Size | 54 |
| 2.4 Particle Density | 59 |
| 2.A Ideal Vortex Laws from the Navier-Stokes Equations | 60 |
| 2.B Common Model Functions for Particle Size Distributions | 63 |
| 3 How Cyclones Work | 66 |
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| 3.1 Flow in Cyclones | 66 |
| 3.2 Separation Efficiency | 72 |
| 3.3 Pressure Drop | 75 |
| 3.A Worked Example: Calculating a Grade-Efficiency Curve | 77 |
| 4 Cyclone Flow Pattern and Pressure Drop | 80 |
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| 4.1 Discussion | 80 |
| 4.2 Models for the Flow Pattern | 85 |
| 4.3 Models for the Pressure Drop | 91 |
| 4.4 Model Assumptions in Light of CFD and Experiment | 99 |
| 4.5 Overview | 103 |
| 4.A Worked Example for Calculating Cyclone Pressure Drop | 104 |
| 4.B The Meissner and Löffler Model | 106 |
| 5 Cyclone Separation Efficiency | 109 |
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| 5.1 Discussion | 109 |
| 5.2 Models | 110 |
| 5.3 Comparison of Model Predictions with Experiment. | 117 |
| 5.4 Overview | 122 |
| 5.A Worked Example for the Prediction of Cyclone Separation Performance | 123 |
| 5.B The Cyclone Efficiency Models of Dietz and of Mothes and Löffler | 126 |
| 6 The Muschelknautz Method of Modeling | 130 |
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| 6.1 Basis of the Model | 131 |
| 6.2 Computation of the Inner Vortex Cut-Point, x50 | 137 |
| 6.3 Computation of Efficiency at Low Solids Loadings | 139 |
| 6.4 Determining if the Mass Loading Effect will Occur | 141 |
| 6.5 Overall Separation Efficiency when co | 141 |
| 141 | 141 |
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| 6.6 Computation of Pressure Drop | 143 |
| 6.A Example Problems | 144 |
| 6.B Incorporation of the ‘Inner Feed’ | 152 |
| 7 Computational Fluid Dynamics | 157 |
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| 7.1 Simulating the Gas Flow Pattern | 158 |
| 7.2 Simulating the Particle Flow | 165 |
| 7.3 Some Simulations of the Gas and Particle Flow in Cyclones | 167 |
| 7.A Transport Equations | 179 |
| 8 Dimensional Analysis and Scaling Rules | 181 |
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| 8.1 Classical Dimensional Analysis | 182 |
| 8.2 Scaling Cyclones in Practice | 186 |
| 8.A Inspecting the Equations of Motion | 194 |
| 8.B Sample Cyclone Scaling Calculations | 195 |
| 9 Other Factors Influencing Performance | 201 |
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| 9.1 The Effect of Solids Loading | 201 |
| 9.2 The Effect of the Natural Vortex Length | 213 |
| 9.A Predicting the Effect of Solids Loading on Cyclone Efficiency | 223 |
| 9.B Predicting the Effect of Loading on Cyclone Pressure Drop | 226 |
| 10 Measurement Techniques | 230 |
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| 10.1 Gas Flow Pattern | 233 |
| 10.2 Pressure Drop | 235 |
| 10.3 Particle Flow | 236 |
| 10.4 Overall Separation Efficiency | 237 |
| 10.5 Grade-Efficiency | 241 |
| 10.A Estimate of Errors | 248 |
| 11 Underflow Configurations and Considerations | 251 |
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| 11.1 Underflow Configurations | 251 |
| 11.2 Importance of a Good Underflow Seal | 255 |
| 11.3 Upsets Caused by ‘Too Good’ an Underflow Seal | 259 |
| 11.4 Second-Stage Dipleg Solids ‘Backup’ | 262 |
| 11.5 Hopper ‘Crossflow’ | 264 |
| 11.6 Hopper Venting Options | 266 |
| 11.A Dipleg Calculation | 269 |
| 11.B Moment Balance on Flapper Valve Plate | 269 |
| 12 Some Special Topics | 273 |
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| 12.1 Cyclone Erosion | 273 |
| 12.2 Critical Deposition Velocity | 295 |
| 12.3 High Vacuum Case | 297 |
| 12.A Worked Example for Calculation of the Critical Deposition Velocity | 299 |
| 12.B Worked Example Taking Into Account Slip in Calculation of the Cut Size | 299 |
| 13 Demisting Cyclones | 303 |
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| 13.1 Liquid Creep and ‘Layer Loss’ | 304 |
| 13.2 Demisting Cyclone Design Considerations | 306 |
| 13.3 Some Vapor-Liquid Cyclone Design Geometries and Features | 308 |
| 13.4 Estimating Inlet Drop Size for Two-Phase Mist- Annular Flow | 315 |
| 13.5 Modeling the Performance of Vapor-Liquid Cyclones | 318 |
| 13.6 Criteria for Determining if ‘Mass loading’ (‘ Saltation’) Occurs | 319 |
| 13.7 Re-entrainment From Demisting Cyclones | 321 |
| 13.A Example Calculations of Droplet Sizes in Pipe Flow | 327 |
| 13.B Flow Distribution in Parallel Demisting Cyclones | 328 |
| 13.C Method for Estimating Wall Film Thickness and Velocity | 334 |
| 13.D Example calculation | 340 |
| 14 Foam-Breaking Cyclones | 343 |
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| 14.1 Introduction | 343 |
| 14.2 Some Design Considerations and Factors Influencing Behavior | 346 |
| 14.3 Applications | 350 |
| 14.4 Estimating Submergence Required to Prevent Gas ‘ Blow Out’ | 350 |
| 14.A Example Computation of Submergence Required to Prevent Underflow Gas ‘ Blow Out’ | 356 |
| 15 Design Aspects | 357 |
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| 15.1 Cylinder-on-Cone Cyclones with Tangential Inlet | 357 |
| 15.2 Design of Swirl Tubes with Swirl Vanes | 384 |
| 15.A Example Calculation of the Throat Area | 389 |
| 15.B Construction of a Vane Cut-out Pattern of an Orthogonal Vane Assembly | 390 |
| 16 Multicyclone Arrangements | 397 |
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| 16.1 Cyclones in Series | 397 |
| 16.2 Cyclones in Parallel | 398 |
| 16.A Example Calculation for Multicyclone Arrangements | 407 |
| 17 List of Symbols | 412 |
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| List of Tradenames | 418 |
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| References | 419 |
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| Index | 424 |