| Table of Contents | 5 |
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| Introduction | 13 |
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| A. The European Union 50 Years On: Some Comments on Its Early History | 23 |
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| A.1. Introduction | 23 |
| A.2. Historical Background and Economic Nationalism | 23 |
| A.3. Post-1945 European Economic Integration | 25 |
| A.4. Conclusion | 34 |
| References | 34 |
| B. Global Shift – The European Union, the United States, and the Emergence of China | 36 |
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| B.1. Introduction | 36 |
| B.2. Population | 38 |
| B.3. Economic Activities | 40 |
| B.4. International Trade and Economic Integration | 44 |
| B.5. International Finance and Economic Integration | 51 |
| B.6. Summary and Conclusions | 53 |
| References | 54 |
| C. Growth and Competitiveness in Euro Area Economies | 57 |
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| C.1. Introduction | 57 |
| C.2. Conditions and Policies for Higher Euro Area Growth | 58 |
| C.3. Output Growth Differentials in the Euro Area Countries | 60 |
| C.4. Competitiveness of the Euro Area Countries | 62 |
| C.5. Inflation and Cost Differentials Across the Euro Area Countries | 63 |
| C.6. Structural Reforms for Higher Growth and Improved Competitiveness | 66 |
| C.7. Conclusions | 67 |
| References | 68 |
| D. Financial Market Integration and Monetary Policy | 69 |
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| D.1. Filling the Gaps in the Chain of Substitution | 69 |
| D.2. Integration of Financial Markets: Concepts and Indicators | 70 |
| D.3. Financial Markets Heterogeneity: Consequences for Monetary Policy | 77 |
| D.4. Pushing Back Limits to Arbitrage – Integration Through Markets | 80 |
| D.5. By Way of Concluding – Variety Is Manageable | 82 |
| References | 83 |
| E. Instability of the Eurozone? On Monetary Policy, House Prices and Structural Reforms | 85 |
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| E.1. Introduction | 85 |
| E.2. Monetary Policy for a Slow Growth Economy and Structural Reforms in Europe | 87 |
| E.3. What Kind of Monetary Policy for a Slow Growth Economy? | 92 |
| E.4. The European Monetary Policy in a Large and Diversified Economic Zone | 104 |
| E.5. Policy Conclusions | 112 |
| Appendix E.1 | 114 |
| References | 115 |
| F. Financial Markets and Global Integration | 119 |
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| F.1. Introduction | 119 |
| F.2. Levels of Financial Integration | 119 |
| F.3. Benefits of Financial Integration | 122 |
| F.4. Financial Market Integration and Investor Behaviour | 126 |
| F.5. The Future for Financial Market Integration | 129 |
| References | 131 |
| G. Banking, Financial Market Dynamics and Growth in the EU Single Market | 133 |
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| G.1. The Importance of Financial Markets to Economic Growth | 133 |
| G.2. The Euro and the Wholesale Market | 134 |
| G.3. Retail Markets Still Domestically Focused | 135 |
| G.4. Conclusion | 136 |
| References | 137 |
| H. Banking, Financial Market Structures and Growth in the EU Single Market | 139 |
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| H.1. Evolution of Financial Integration in the EU | 139 |
| H.2. Integration of Wholesale Markets | 140 |
| H.3. Integration of Retail Markets | 141 |
| H.4. Integration of Infrastructures | 142 |
| H.5. Institutional Integration | 142 |
| H.6. Integration of Prudential Supervision | 144 |
| H.7. Certain Conclusions | 145 |
| I. Information and Communication Technology: Dynamics, Integration and Economic Stability | 146 |
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| I.1. Introduction | 146 |
| I.2. Economic Development, Adjustment and Outsourcing | 151 |
| I.3. Economic Stability: ICT and FDI in a Modified Dornbusch Model | 175 |
| I.4. Challenges: Regulatory Policy and Life-Long Learning | 180 |
| Appendix I.1: Modified Dornbusch-Model (Welfens 2006) | 187 |
| References | 188 |
| J. The Role of Information and Communications Technology in Improving Productivity and Economic Growth in Europe: Empirical Evidence and an Industry View of Policy Challenges | 192 |
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| J.1. Introduction | 192 |
| J.2. The Relevance of ICT for Productivity and Economic Growth | 193 |
| J.3. Unleashing the Growth Potential of ICT in Europe: Policy Challenges and Recommendations from an Industry Perspective | 199 |
| J.4. Conclusion | 208 |
| References | 209 |
| K. Growth, Jobs and Structural Reform in France | 211 |
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| K.1. GDP per Capita: Poor Apparent Performance, Complicated Contributions | 211 |
| K.2. Low Employment Levels: Reasons and Reforms Implemented or Needed | 212 |
| K.3. What About Productivity? | 214 |
| L. Growth, Jobs and Structural Reform in the Netherlands | 216 |
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| L.1. On the Importance of Economic Policies | 216 |
| L.2. Structural Reform Progress: Some Basic Factors | 217 |
| L.3. Structural Reforms in the Netherlands8 | 220 |
| L.4. And What Happened with the Dutch Economy fter 1983? a | 222 |
| References | 223 |
| M. Growth, Jobs and Structural Reforms in Greece | 225 |
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| M.1. Introduction | 225 |
| M.2. A Broad Picture of Recent Economic Developments in Greece | 225 |
| M.3. Final Remark | 231 |
| References | 231 |
| N. Economic Catching-Up, Price Levels and Inflation Rates in Central and Eastern Europe | 233 |
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| N.1. Introduction | 233 |
| N.2. The Prices of Market-Based Services | 235 |
| N.3. The Prices of Regulated Services and Goods | 237 |
| N.4. Residential Property Prices | 241 |
| N.5. Market-Based Goods Prices | 243 |
| N.6. Inflation Differentials: Other Structural and Cyclical Factors | 247 |
| N.7. Conclusion | 249 |
| References | 250 |
| O. On the Value and Need for Revising the Economic Policy Framework in the Union | 252 |
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| O.1. Introduction | 252 |
| O.2. Background | 252 |
| O.3. Structural Reforms | 254 |
| O.4. Greater Internal Coordination | 255 |
| O.5. Monetary Policy | 256 |
| O.6. Fiscal Policy and the Stability Pact | 256 |
| O.7. Do
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