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Origin of Mitochondria and Hydrogenosomes

:	William F. Martin, Miklós Müller
:	William F. Martin, Miklos Muller
:	Origin of Mitochondria and Hydrogenosomes
:	Springer-Verlag
:	9783540385028
:	1
:	CHF 131.40
:

:	Mikrobiologie
:	English

:	306
:	Wasserzeichen/DRM
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

The evolutionary origins of hydrogenosomes have been the subject of considerable debate. This volume closes the gap between the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of organelles and their incorporation into evolutionary theory. It reveals that identifying the genetic contribution to eukaryotes of the mitochondrial endosymbiosis, and revealing the functions of its descendent organelles, are key to understanding eukaryotic biology and evolution.

	Preface	5
	Foreword	6
	Contents	9
	List of Contributors	14
	1 The Road to Hydrogenosomes	16
	1.1 Introduction	16
	1.2 The Story	17
	1.3 Conclusion	24
	References	25
	2 Mitochondria: Key to Complexity	27
	2.1 Introduction	27
	2.2 Size	29
	2.3 Compartments	30
	2.4 Dynamics of Gene Gain and Gene Loss in Bacteria	31
	2.5 ATP Regulation of Bacterial Replication	35
	2.6 Redox Poise Across Bioenergetic Membranes	39
	2.7 Allometric Scaling of Metabolic Rate and Complexity	43
	2.8 Conclusions	46
	References	47
	3 Origin, Function, and Transmission of Mitochondria	53
	3.1 Introduction	53
	3.2 Origins of Mitochondria	54
	3.3 Mitochondrial Genomes	57
	3.4 The Mitochondrial Theory of Ageing	59
	3.5 Why Are There Genes in Mitochondria?	61
	3.6 Co-location of Gene and Gene Product Permits Redox Regulation of Gene Expression	62
	3.7 Maternal Inheritance of Mitochondria	64
	3.8 Conclusions	67
	References	67
	4 Mitochondria and Their Host: Morphology to Molecular Phylogeny	71
	4.1 Introduction	71
	4.2 Alternative Visions	71
	4.3 Before the Word	73
	4.4 Les Symbiotes	74
	4.5 Symbionticism and the Origin of Species	76
	4.6 Against the Current	77
	4.7 Infective Heredity	79
	4.8 The Tipping Point	81
	4.9 The Birth of Bacterial Phylogenetics	83
	4.10 Just-So Stories	84
	4.11 Kingdom Come, Kingdom Go	85
	4.12 A Chimeric Paradigm	88
	4.13 Recapitulation	91
	References	92
	5 Anaerobic Mitochondria: Properties and Origins	98
	Summary	98
	5.1 Introduction	98
	5.2 Possible Variants in Anaerobic Metabolism	99
	5.3 Cytosolic Adaptations to an Anaerobic Energy Metabolism	101
	5.4 Anaerobically Functioning ATP-Generating Organelles	102
	5.5 Energy Metabolism in Anaerobically Functioning Mitochondria	103
	5.6 Adaptations in Electron-Transport Chains in Anaerobic Mitochondria	108
	5.7 Structural Aspects of Anaerobically Functioning Electron- Transport Chains	109
	5.8 Evolutionary Origin of Anaerobic Mitochondria	110
	5.9 Conclusion	113
	References	113
	6 Iron–Sulfur Proteins and Iron–Sulfur Cluster Assembly in Organisms with Hydrogenosomes and Mitosomes	117
	6.1 Introduction	117
	6.2 Mitochondrion-Related Organelles in “Amitochondriate” Eukaryotes	118
	6.3 Iron–Sulfur Cluster, an Ancient Indispensable Prosthetic Group	121
	6.4 Iron–Sulfur Proteins in Mitochondria and Other Cell Compartments	121
	6.5 Iron–Sulfur Proteins in Organisms Harboring Hydrogenosomes and Mitosomes	122
	6.6 Iron–Sulfur Cluster Assembly Machineries	128
	6.7 Iron–Sulfur Cluster Biosynthesis and the Evolution of Mitochondria	135
	References	139
	7 Hydrogenosomes (and Related Organelles, Either) Are Not the Same	146
	7.1 Introduction	146
	7.2 Hydrogenosomes and Mitochondrial-Remnant Organelles Evolved Repeatedly: Evidence from ADP/ ATP Carriers	150
	7.3 Functional Differences Between Mitochondrial and Alternative ADP/ ATP Transporters	153
	7.4 Evolutionary Tinkering in the Evolution of Hydrogenosomes	155
	7.5 Why an [Fe]-Only Hydrogenase?	163
	7.6 Conclusions	164
	References	165
	8 The Chimaeric Origin of Mitochondria: Photosynthetic Cell Enslavement, Gene- Transfer Pressure, and Compartmentation Efficiency	171
	Summary	171
	8.1 Key Early Ideas	172
	8.2 The Host Was a Protoeukaryote Not an Archaebacterium	176
	8.3 Was the Slave Initially Photosynthetic?	178
	8.4 Three Phases of	179
	proteobacterial Enslavement	179
	8.5 Did Syntrophy or Endosymbiosis Precede Enslavement?	183
	8.6 The Chimaeric Origin of Mitochondrial Protein Import and Targeting	186
	8.7 Stage 2: Recovery from Massive Organelle–Host Gene Transfer	190
	8.8 Mitochondrial Diversification	195
	8.9 Conceptual Aspects of Megaevolution	195
	8.10 Relative Genomic Contributions of the Two Partners	198
	8.11 Genic Scale, Tempo, and Timing of Mitochondrial Enslavement and Eukaryote Origin	202
	References	205
	9 Constantin Merezhkowsky and the Endokaryotic Hypothesis	210
	Summary	210
	9.1 Introduction	211
	9.2 Modern Hypotheses of Eukaryotic Origin	212
	9.3 Chimeric Nature of a Pro-eukaryote	222
	9.4 Mitochondrial Origin and Eukaryogenesis	233
	9.5 Conclusions	241
	References	242
	10 The Diversity of Mitochondrion-Related Organelles Amongst Eukaryotic Microbes	247
	Summary	247
	10.1 Introduction	247
	10.2 Diversity of Anaerobic Protists with Mitochondrion- Related Organelles	255
	10.3 The Origins of Mitochondria, Mitosomes and Hydrogenosomes	273
	10.4 Concluding Remarks	276
	References	276
	11 Mitosomes of Parasitic Protozoa: Biology and Evolutionary Significance	284
	Summary	284
	11.1 Introduction	284
	11.2 Discovery of Mitosomes: a Brief History	285
	11.3 Mitosome Biology	288
	11.4 Protein Import	294
	11.5 Evolutionary Considerations	298
	11.6 Conclusions	301
	References	302
	Index	308